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Page 2
Randomised Controlled Trials | |||||||||||
Francis et al. (2010) Trinidad & Tobago, Self-funded [40] | RCT/NR | 579 x Grade 6 students | 32 weeks | (Curriculum approach) Bloom’s mastery learning model | √ | X | Children’s Eating Attitude Test-26 (M) | <0.05 | 0.20 | ||
Mean age: 10.4 yrs | Self Report | ||||||||||
SLB consumption (Servings/wk) | NS | −0.42 | |||||||||
Fried food consumption (Servings/day) | 0.04 | −0.21 | |||||||||
HFSS food consumption (<502 kJ/day) | NS | −0.21 | |||||||||
Quasi-experimental Trials | |||||||||||
Auld et al. (1998) USA, Kraft Foods [43] | QE/SCT, CDT | 851 x Grades K-5 students | 4 years | Cross-curricular & experiential learning | X | √ | FV Consumption (Plate waste) | <.001 | Insufficient data reported for calculation | ||
Mean age: NR | Self-efficacy (Likert scale) | ||||||||||
- Food prep | <.01 | ||||||||||
- Eating FV | <.01 | ||||||||||
4th/5th Grade Knowledge (Test) | |||||||||||
- Food Pyramid | <.001 | ||||||||||
- Ingredients | <.001 | ||||||||||
Bell & Lamb (1973) USA, Dairy Council Inc [44] | QE/NR | 1913 x Grade 5 students | 6 weeks | Popham Instruction Model (Define behavioural objectives, Diagnose student needs, Present learning opportunities, Evaluate attainment) | X | X | Milk consumption (oz.) | NS | Insufficient data reported for calculation | ||
Vegetable consumption (oz.) | .05 | ||||||||||
Mean age: NR | Nutrition knowledge (Test) | .001 | |||||||||
Edwards & Hermann (2011) USA, NR [45] | QE/NR | 11 x Grade 1 students | 3 weeks | Literary abstraction | X | X | Legume taking (Number) | .05 | Insufficient data reported for calculation | ||
Mean age: NR | Legume tasting (Number) | .14 | |||||||||
Fahlman et al. (2008) USA, NR [46] | QE/NR | 576 x students | 4 weeks | (Curriculum approach) adapted Health Belief Model | X | √ | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | ||||
Mean age: 12.2 yrs | - Grain consumption (Servings/day) | NS | −0.08 | ||||||||
- Fruit consumption(Servings/day) | .047 | 0.97 | |||||||||
- Vegetable consumption (Servings/day) | .018 | 0.49 | |||||||||
- Dairy consumption (Servings/day) | NS | 0.02 | |||||||||
- Meat consumption (Servings/day) | NS | −0.02 | |||||||||
Self Efficacy (Likert scale) | |||||||||||
- Eat more FV | NS | 1.11 | |||||||||
- Eat less fat | NS | −0.15 | |||||||||
- Drink less SLB | NS | −0.05 | |||||||||
- Eat healthy at FF restaurants | NS | 1.30 | |||||||||
Friel et al. (1999) Ireland, Dept of Health [47] | QE/SLT | 821 x Grades 3–4 students | 10 weeks | Cross-curricular | X | √ | Food Pairing Questionnaire | ||||
Mean age: NR | - Behaviour | <.01 | 0.72 | ||||||||
- Preference | <.01 | 1.00 | |||||||||
- Knowledge | NS | −0.29 | |||||||||
Gortmaker et al. (1999) USA, Walton Family Foundation [48] | QE/SCT BCT | 336 x Grades 4–5 students | 2 years | Cross-curricular (Math, science, language, social studies, physical education) coupled with a Social Marketing Approach | √ | X | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | Insufficient data reported for calculation | |||
Mean age: 9.1 yrs | - Energy from fat (%) | .04 | |||||||||
- FV consumption (Servings/4184 kJ) | .01 | ||||||||||
- Vitamin C (mg/4184 kJ) | .01 | ||||||||||
Govula et al. (2007) USA, NR [30] | QE/NR | 33 x Grade 3 students | 6 weeks | (Curriculum approach) MyPyramid and Medicine Wheel Nutrition for Native Americans | X | X | Block Kids Fruit/Vegetable recall | ||||
- F&V consumption (Servings/per day) | .010 | .10 | |||||||||
Mean age: NR | Culturally appropriate lessons | - Fruit consumption (Servings/per day) | .519 | −0.26 | |||||||
- Vegetable consumption (Servings/per day) | <.001 | 1.04 | |||||||||
Knowledge Questionnaire (% correct) | <.001 | Insufficient data | |||||||||
Horne et al. (2004) UK, Horticultural Development Council, Fresh Produce Consortium, ASDA, Co-operative Group, Safeway, Sainsbury, Somerfield, Tesco, Bird’s Eye [31] | QE/SLT | 749 x Grades K-6 students | 16 weeks | Animation abstraction and contingent reinforcement for F&V consumption | X | X | Consumption based on teacher visual estimates | ||||
Mean age: NR | - 5-7 yr/old fruit (%) | <.002 | 2.12 | ||||||||
- 5-7 yr/old vegetable (%) | NR | 2.01 | |||||||||
- 7-11 yr/old fruit (%) | <.002 | 2.36 | |||||||||
- 7-11 yr/old vegetable (%) | NR | 1.51 | |||||||||
Liquori et al. (1998) USA, NR [49] | QE/SCT | 590 x Grades K-6 students | 1 year | Experiential learning (Cooking, environment and community garden) | X | √ | Food intake based on teacher visual estimates (%) | Grd K-3 | Grd 4–6 | Grd K-3 | Grd 4-6 |
<.01 | NS | −1.90 | −2.03 | ||||||||
Mean age: NR | Self report | ||||||||||
- Preference for plant food | <.001 | <.001 | 2.51 | 0.00 | |||||||
- Attitudes | NS | NS | 0.59 | 0.04 | |||||||
- Knowledge | <.05 | <.001 | 1.98 | 1.94 | |||||||
- Self efficacy in cooking | NS | <.05 | 0.79 | 0.70 | |||||||
- Food intentions | <.01 | NS | 0.63 | −0.17 | |||||||
- Paired food choice | <.01 | NS | 1.58 | −0.06 | |||||||
Manios et al. (2002), Greece, Kellogg’s, Greek Ministry of Sport, Greek Ministry of Education [50] | QE/NR | 1006 x Grade 1 students | 6 years | (Curriculum approach) Literary abstraction | √ | √ | Parental reporting (Food Diary) | ||||
Age range: 5.5-6.5 yrs | - Energy (kJ) | <.05 | −0.38 | ||||||||
- Total fat (g) | <.05 | −0.38 | |||||||||
- Protein (g) | <.05 | −0.42 | |||||||||
- Carbohydrate (g) | NS | −0.23 | |||||||||
McAleese & Rankin (2007), USA, NR [36] | QE/NR | 99 x Grade 6 students | 12 weeks | (Curriculum approach) Nutrition in the Garden | X | X | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | ||||
Mean age: 11.11 yrs | Experiential learning (School garden) | - Fruit (Servings/day) | <.001 | 1.17 | |||||||
- Vegetables (Servings/day) | <.001 | 0.92 | |||||||||
- Vitamin A (μg/day) | .004 | 0.20 | |||||||||
- Vitamin C (mg/day) | .016 | 0.49 | |||||||||
- Fibre (g/day) | .001 | 0.56 | |||||||||
Morgan et al. (2010) Australia, Hunter Medical Research, Coles [51] | QE/SCT | 127 x Grades 5–6 students | 10 weeks | (Curriculum approach) Nutrition in the Garden – Modified | X | X | FV knowledge (Gimme 5 Questionnaire) | <.02 | Insufficient data reported for calculation | ||
Age range: 11-12 yrs | Experiential learning (School garden) | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | .22 | ||||||||
- Vegetable intake (Servings/day) | .23 | ||||||||||
- Fruit intake (Servings/day) | |||||||||||
Simmons-Morton et al. (1991), USA, HHLBI Grant [52] | QE/SCT | 135 x Grades K-4 students) | 40 weeks | (Curriculum approach) Behaviour-based Health & Physical Education | √ | √ | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | ||||
Mean age: NR | (Canteen) New School Lunch | - Analysis of tray lunch (% kcals) | <.05 | −0.10 | |||||||
- Analysis of bag lunch (% kcals) | <.05 | 0.03 | |||||||||
Cluster-Controlled Trials | |||||||||||
Agozzino et al. (2007), Italy, NR [53] | CT/CogT | 570 x students (30 x 4 & 5 grade classes) | 40 weeks | (Curriculum approach) Didactic-approach to health education | X | √ | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | Insufficient data reported for calculation | |||
- Breakfast consumption (Sufficient) | <.001 | ||||||||||
- Meat consumption (Sufficient) | .003 | ||||||||||
- Fish consumption (Sufficient) | .02 | ||||||||||
- Pulse consumption (Sufficient) | .003 | ||||||||||
- Vegetable consumption (Sufficient) | <.001 | ||||||||||
Amaro et al. (2005), Italy, Amici di Raoul Follereau (AIFO) [54] | CT/NR | 241 x students Mean age: 12.4 yrs | 24 weeks | Kalèdo Board Game (15-30mins play time p/w) | X | X | Nutritional knowledge (31 items) | <0.05 | Insufficient data reported for calculation | ||
BMI (z-score) | NS | ||||||||||
Anderson et al. (2005), UK, Food Standards Agency [55] | CT/TPB | 129 x Grades 1–6 students | 36 weeks | (Curriculum approach) based on experiential learning, video & literary abstraction | X | X | Cognitive & attitudinal (Likert scale) | ||||
Mean age: 8.5 yrs | Marketing and canteen provisions | - Diet heart disease knowledge | .001 | 0.24 | |||||||
- Preference for HFSS foods | .034 | −0.32 | |||||||||
3-day food diary | |||||||||||
- FV consumption (g) | .617 | 0.07 | |||||||||
- Energy (kJ) | .327 | 0.00 | |||||||||
- Sucrose (g) | .578 | 0.01 | |||||||||
Baronowski et al. (2000), USA, NR [32] | CT/SCT | 3347 x Grades 4–6 students | 12 weeks | (Curriculum approach) Gimme 5 | X | X | 7-day food record | ||||
Mean age: NR | Experiential learning, goal setting & problem solving, contingent reinforcement for F&V consumption | - FV consumption (Servings) | <.05 | 0.03 | |||||||
- Vegetable consumption(Servings) | <.01 | 0.00 | |||||||||
Questionnaire (Likert scale) | |||||||||||
- Self efficacy (Eating FV) | <.10 | 0.02 | |||||||||
- Social norms | <.10 | 0.00 | |||||||||
- Asking behaviour | <.05 | 0.06 | |||||||||
- Knowledge | <.05 | 0.05 | |||||||||
Bere et al. (2006), Norway, Norwegian Research Council [56] | CT/SCT | 369 x Grade 6 students | 28 weeks | (Curriculum approach) National Curriculum | X | √ | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | Insufficient data reported for calculation | |||
Mean age: 11.3 yrs | Experiential learning (Cooking/Food Prep) | - FV consumption (Servings per day) | .41 | ||||||||
Curriculum enjoyment (Likert scale) | .004 | ||||||||||
Cooke (2011), UK, Medical Research Council National Prevention Research Initiative [57] | CT/mixed | 442 x Kindergarten students | 2 weeks | Contingent reinforcement for vegetable tasting | X | X | Liking of vegetables (Likert scale) | .001 | Insufficient data reported for calculation | ||
Mean age: 6 yrs | Intake of vegetables | .001 | |||||||||
Day et al. (2008), Canada, NR [58] | CT/NR | 444 x Grades 4–5 students | 12 weeks | Integrates classroom learning, environmental change strategies, and a family/community component to promote the consumption of FV | X | X | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | ||||
Mean age: 10.0 yrs | - Fruit consumption (Servings) | <.05 | −0.04 | ||||||||
- Vegetable consumption (Servings) | NS | −0.05 | |||||||||
- F V consumption (Servings) | <.05 | −0.06 | |||||||||
- Variety of FV consumption (Servings) | <.05 | −0.01 | |||||||||
Domel et al. (1993) USA, The International Apple Institute [59] | CT/SCT | 301 x Grades 4–5 students | 6 weeks | “5 a Day - for Better Health” | X | X | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | ||||
- F V consumption (Servings) | NS | 0.47 | |||||||||
- Fruit consumption (Servings) | .001 | 0.74 | |||||||||
- Juice consumption (Servings) | NS | −0.14 | |||||||||
- Vegetable consumption (Servings) | .018 | 0.28 | |||||||||
- Legume consumption (Servings) | NS | 0.45 | |||||||||
Questionnaire (Likert scale) | |||||||||||
- Fruit | .046 | 0.35 | |||||||||
- Vegetables | NS | 0.32 | |||||||||
FV Knowledge (Multiple choice score) | <.001 | 0.59 | |||||||||
Duncan et al. (2011) New Zealand, Health Research Council NZ [60] | CT/NR | 97 x Grades 5–6 students | 6 weeks | Curriculum approach with “Healthy Homework” Teaching Resource | √ | X | Food Diaries | Insufficient data reported for calculation | |||
Mean age: NR | Experiential learning (Cooking) | - Fruit consumption (Servings/per day) | NS | ||||||||
- Vegetable consumption (Servings/per day) | .016 | ||||||||||
- Unhealthy food consumption (Servings per/day) | .042 | ||||||||||
- Unhealthy drink consumption (Servings/per day) | NS | ||||||||||
Foster et al. (2008), USA, CDC, US Department of Agriculture/Food and Nutrition Service [61] | CT/NR | 1349 x Grades 4–6 students | 2 years | The School Nutrition Policy Initiative included the following components: school self-assessment, nutrition education, nutrition policy, social marketing, and parent outreach. Cross-curricular/Integrated learning | √ | X | BMI (z score) | .80 | Insufficient data reported for calculation | ||
Mean age: 11.2 yrs | Total Energy (kJ/day) | .12 | |||||||||
Total Fat (g/day) | .12 | ||||||||||
FV Consumption (Servings/per day) | .82 | ||||||||||
Gorely et al. (2009) UK, Great Run, Coca-Cola Company [62] | CT/SCT | 589 x students | 40 weeks | (Curriculum approach) Physical education lessons and homework tasks | √ | X | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | Insufficient data reported for calculation | |||
Mean age: 8.8 yrs | Fun run event | - FV Consumption (Servings/per day) | NS | ||||||||
Knowledge of healthy lifestyle (MC Test) | NS | ||||||||||
Head (1974) USA, Emergency food and Medical Services [63] | CT/NR | 4,700 x Grades 5, 7 & 10 students | 20 weeks | Cross Curriculum approach in nutrition, reading, math, history, art, music and science | X | X | Knowledge (% correct) | <.05 | Insufficient data reported for calculation | ||
Mean age: NR | School lunch (% of plate waste) | <.05 | |||||||||
Acceptance of school served food (%) | NS | ||||||||||
Hendy et al. (2011) USA, grants from Penn State University [64] | CT/SCT | 382 x Grades 1–4 students | 12 weeks | Kid’s Choice Program (KCP), contingent reinforcement supported by parental involvement. | √ | X | Eating FV first in meals | <.001 | Insufficient data reported for calculation | ||
SDT | Choosing low fat and low sugar drinks | <.001 | |||||||||
Hoffman et al. (2010) USA, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [65] | CT/SLT | 297 x Kindergarten & Grade 1 students | 2 years | Cross-Curricular program included school-wide, classroom, lunchroom, and family components | X | X | Plate Waste Weight | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 1 | Year 2 |
- Fruit intake(g) | <.001 | <.001 | 0.86 | 0.55 - | |||||||
- Vegetable intake (g) | <.01 | NS | 0.34 | ||||||||
James et al. (2005) UK, GlaxoSmithKline, Aventis, Pfizer, Florence Nightingale Foundation [33] | CT/NR | 644 x 2nd-6th Grade students | 40 weeks | (Curriculum approach) Reducing SLB consumption | X | √ | 3-Day Consumption Diary | ||||
Mean age: 8.7 yrs | Cross curricular approach in Health, Science, Music and Art | - SLB Consumption (Servings) | 0.02 | 0.83 | |||||||
Kipping (2010), UK, Department of Health [66] | CT/SCT | 393 x Grade 5 students | 20 weeks | (Curriculum approach) Eat Well Keep Moving program | √ | X | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | Insufficient data reported for calculation | |||
BCT | Mean age: 9.4 yrs | - FV consumption (Servings/per day) | NS | ||||||||
- Snack consumption (Servings/per day) | NS | ||||||||||
- HFF consumption (Servings/per day) | NS | ||||||||||
- SLB consumption (Servings/per day) | NS | ||||||||||
Kristjansdottir et al. (2010) Iceland, The University of Iceland, The Icelandic Centre for Research, Brim Seafood [67] | CT/NR | 171 x Grade 2 students | 2 years | (Curriculum approach) co developed with teachers and supported by homework, letters to parents and meetings with parents | X | X | Food record by parents | ||||
Mean age: NR | - FV consumption (g/day) | <.001 | 0.93 | ||||||||
- Fruit consumption (g/day) | .001 | 0.62 | |||||||||
- Vegetable consumption (g/day) | <.001 | 1.35 | |||||||||
Luepker et al. (1996) USA, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [68] | CT/NR | 5106 x Grade 3 students | 3 years | (Curriculum Approach) (Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health-CATCH) | √ | X | School Lunch Menu Analysis | ||||
Mean age: NR | Enhanced PE and classroom health curricula. 28 additional schools received these components plus family education. | - Total energy intake (MJ) | <.001 | 0.02 | |||||||
24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | |||||||||||
- Total energy intake (MJ) | .01 | 0.07 | |||||||||
- Total energy from fat (%) | .001 | 0.17 | |||||||||
Health Behaviour Questionnaire | |||||||||||
- Dietary knowledge | <.001 | 0.25 | |||||||||
Mangunkusumo et al. (2007) The Netherlands, Organisation for Health Research and Development [69] | CT/NR | 675 x 7th Grade students | 12 weeks | Internet-tailored advice followed by dietary counselling | X | √ | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | Insufficient data reported for calculation | |||
Mean age: 10.3 yrs | -Vegetable consumption (g/per day) | NS | |||||||||
- Behavioural determinants | NS | ||||||||||
Muth (2008) USA, American Medical Association [70] | CT/SCT | 73 x 4th Grade students | 12 weeks | (Curriculum approach) (Improving Meals and Physical Activity in Children and Teens (IMPACT) | X | X | Texas School Physical Activity and Nutrition Questionnaire (SPAN) | Insufficient data reported for calculation | |||
Mean age: 9.9 yrs | Train-the-trainer model with HS students trained to teach 4th graders | - FV Consumption (Servings/per day) | .05 | ||||||||
- Nutritional knowledge (%) | .01 | ||||||||||
Panunzio et al. (2007) Italy, NR [71] | CT/NR | 471 x 4th Grade students | 36 weeks | (Curriculum approach) Teachers vs Nutritionists | X | √ | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | Insufficient data reported for calculation | |||
Mean age: 9.6 yrs | - FV consumption (>1 serving p/day) | <0.01 | |||||||||
- Legume consumption (>1 serving p/day) | <0.01 | ||||||||||
- Chips consumption (>1 serving p/day) | <0.01 | ||||||||||
- SLB consumption (>1 serving p/day) | <0.01 | ||||||||||
Parcel et al. (1989) USA, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [72] | CT/SLT | 398 x K-4th Grade students | 14 weeks | (Curriculum approach) 3 concurrent programs: the New School Lunch, Children’s Active Physical Education (CAPE), and Go For Health classroom instruction. | √ | X | Behavioural Capability Questionnaire | ||||
Mean age: NR | - Diet behavioural capability (Score) | <.01 | 0.89 | ||||||||
- Diet self-efficacy (Score) | NS | 0.15 | |||||||||
- Diet behavioural expectations (Score) | <.01 | 0.73 | |||||||||
Self-Reported Behaviour | |||||||||||
- Salt use (Daily use) | NS | 0.00 | |||||||||
- FV consumption (% of total intake) | NS | 0.13 | |||||||||
Parmer (2009) USA, NR [73] | CT/ELT | 115 x 2nd Grade students | 28 weeks | (Curriculum approach) | X | X | FV Survey (Likert Scale) | ||||
Mean age: 7.3 yrs | Nutrition lessons + school garden | - MyPyramid food groups | NS | 0.59 | |||||||
Experiential Learning (Gardening + Food Prep) | - Nutrient–food association | < .001 | 1.13 | ||||||||
- Nutrient–job association | < .001 | 0.99 | |||||||||
- F V identification | < .01 | 2.03 | |||||||||
Researcher Observed Lunch Choices | |||||||||||
- Vegetable choice (Servings) | <.01 | 1.09 | |||||||||
- Vegetable consumption (Servings) | <.01 | 1.41 | |||||||||
Perry et al. (1998) USA, National Cancer Institute [74] | CT/SLT | 441 x 4- 5th Grade students | 40 weeks | The 5-a-Day Power Plus Program | X | X | Researcher Observed Lunch Choices | Insufficient data reported for calculation | |||
Mean age: NR | - behavioural curricula | - FV consumption (Servings) | <.001 | ||||||||
- parental involvement/education | - Vitamin A (μg) | .02 | |||||||||
- school food service changes | - Vitamin C (mg) | <.001 | |||||||||
- industry involvement and support. | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | ||||||||||
- Fruit consumption (Servings) | .02 | ||||||||||
- Total fat consumption (%/kcal) | .02 | ||||||||||
- Calcium (mg) | .04 | ||||||||||
Health Behaviour Questionnaire | |||||||||||
- Asking for F V (LIkert Scale) | .03 | ||||||||||
- Servings of FV (Nominal Scale) | <.001 | ||||||||||
- Knowledge of servings (Nominal Scale) | <.001 | ||||||||||
Perry, Mulis et al. (1985), USA, NR [75] | CT/SLT | 371 x 3rd-4th Grade students | 10 weeks | (Curriculum approach) Hearty Heart and Friends program | X | X | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | Insufficient data reported for calculation | |||
PBT | Mean age: NR | - Sugared cereal consumption (Less) | <.05 | ||||||||
- Green vegetable consumption | <.02 | ||||||||||
- Fruit consumption | <.01 | ||||||||||
- Fried food consumption (Less) | <.005 | ||||||||||
- Added salt consumption (Less) | <.05 | ||||||||||
Powers et al. (2005), USA. State Cooperative Extension System and State Department of Human Resources [76] | CT/SCT | 1100 x 2nd- 3rd Grade students | 6 weeks | Pizza Please Board Game with Nutrition education | X | √ | Dietary Consumption Behaviour (Self report frequency) | <.001 | 0.23 | ||
Mean age: 7.6 yrs | - Dairy consumption | .001 | 0.22 | ||||||||
- FV consumption | .016 | 0.15 | |||||||||
Nutrition Knowledge (Item matching) | <.001 | 0.77 | |||||||||
- Food appropriate Food Guide Pyramid | <.001 | 0.31 | |||||||||
- Nutrient-food association | <.001 | 0.54 | |||||||||
- Nutrient-job association | <.001 | 0.60 | |||||||||
Quinn et al. (2003) USA, Kappa Omicron Nu, Food Bank of Central New York [77] | CT/NR | 126 x 5th Grade students | 40 weeks | Experiential learning (Cooking) Modified CookShop program. Taught in schools with the support of parents | X | X | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake & Food Frequency Questionnaire (NCI) | ||||
- Dietary Fibre (mg) | <.05 | 0.33 | |||||||||
- Folate (mcg) | <.05 | 0.16 | |||||||||
- Fruit consumption (Servings) | <.05 | 0.28 | |||||||||
- Milk consumption (Servings) | <.001 | 0.47 | |||||||||
Resnicow et al. (1998) USA, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute [78] | CT/SCT | 966 x 4th - 5th Grade students | 6 weeks | (Curriculum approach) Gimme-5 curriculum. | X | √ | - FV preference (Likert scale) | <.001 | Insufficient data reported for calculation | ||
Mean age: NR | Teachers received the teacher wellness program involving 54 workshops over 2 yrs | (in favour of control) | |||||||||
Reynolds et al. (2000) USA, National Cancer Institute Grant [79] | CT/SCT | 1698 x 4th Grade students | 2 years | High 5 intervention on FV consumption based around 3 interventions: classroom component, Parent component, Food Service component. | X | √ | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | Insufficient data reported for calculation | |||
Mean age:8.7 yrs | - Fruit consumption (Servings) | <.001 | |||||||||
- Vegetables consumption (Servings) | <.001 | ||||||||||
- FV consumption (Servings) | <.001 | ||||||||||
- Calories from fat (%) | <.041 | ||||||||||
- Calories from carbohydrates (%) | <.017 | ||||||||||
- Fibre (g) | <.012 | ||||||||||
- Folate (μg) | <.034 | ||||||||||
- β-Catotine (μg) | <.034 | ||||||||||
- Vitamin C (mg) | <.048 | ||||||||||
Sahota et al. (2001) UK, Northern and Yorkshire Region Research and Development Unit [80] | CT/NR | 636 x 4th-5th Grade students Mean age: 8.4 yrs | 40 weeks | Active programme promoting lifestyle in schools (APPLES program) | √ | X | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | Insufficient data reported for calculation | |||
Multidisciplinary, multiagency programme designed to influence diet and physical activity | - Vegetable consumption | <.05 | |||||||||
Cross Curricular whole school community including parents, teachers, and catering staff | |||||||||||
Shannon & Chen (1988), USA, Pennsylvania State Department of Education [81] | CT/NR | 1707 x 3rd Grade students | 3 years | (Curriculum approach) Nutrition in a Changing World (K-12 program). | X | X | Knowledge (Test scores) | <.001 | Insufficient data reported for calculation | ||
Mean age:NR | Food attitudes (Likert scale) | <.001 | |||||||||
Eating behaviours (24 hr recall) | <.001 | ||||||||||
Smolak et al. (1998), USA, Ohio Dept of Education[82] | CT/NR | 253 x 5th Grade students | 24 weeks | (Curriculum approach) Eating Smart, Eating for Me | √ | X | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | Boys | Girls | ||
Mean age: NR | - Vegetable consumption (Servings) | NS | |||||||||
(<.05 by sex) | −0.31 | 0.24 | |||||||||
Spiegel & Foulk (2006), USA, Institute for America’s Health [83] | CT/TRA | 1013 x 4th-5th Grade students | 24 weeks | Wellness, Academics & You (WAY) Program | √ | X | BMI (kg/m2) | 0.01 | −0.38 | ||
Mean age: NR | Cross-curricular – Language arts, mathematics, science & health education | FV Consumption (Survey) | NS | - | |||||||
Taylor et al. (2007), New Zealand, NR[34] | CT/NR | 730 x primary students | 2 years | APPLE Project - Community driven healthy eating & physical activity initiative. | √ | √ | Three-day recall intakes | ||||
Cross curricular school-based science nutrition lessons, recess activities & GoTri card game | - SLB consumption (Servings) | 0.04 | −0.21 | ||||||||
- Juice consumption (Servings) | 0.03 | −0.24 | |||||||||
- Water consumption (Servings) | 0.07 | 0.24 | |||||||||
- Fruit consumption (Servings) | <0.01 | 0.32 | |||||||||
BMI (z-score) | <0.05 | −0.49 | |||||||||
te Velde et al. (2007), The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Commission of European Communities (RTD) programme[84] | CT/SCT | 1472 x 5th-6th Grade students | 52 weeks | Pro-children intervention (Three countries) | X | √ | 24 hr recall of Daily Dietary Intake | ||||
Mean age: 10.7 yrs | - Curriculum approach (w/web based feedback tool) | - FV consumption (g/d) All Countries | <0.02 | 0.18 | |||||||
- Free FV provision in schools | - FV consumption (g/d) Norway | <0.05 | 0.37 | ||||||||
- Family web based feedback tool | - FV consumption (g/d) Spain | <0.05 | 0.15 | ||||||||
- FV consumption (g/d) The Netherlands | <0.05 | 0.12 |
- TPB = Theory of Planned Behaviour; SCT = Social Cognitive Theory; CDT = Cognitive Development Theory; SLT = Social Learning Theory; BCT = Behavioural Choice Theory; CogT = Cognitive Theory; SDT = Self Determination Theory; GST = Group Socialization Theory; ELP = Experiential Learning Theory; PBT = Problem Behaviour Theory; TRA = Theory of Reasoned Action; RCT = Randomised controlled trial; QE = Quasi-experimental; CT = Cluster-controlled trial; NR = Not reported; NS = Not significant; FV = Fruit and vegetable; SLB = Sugar-laden beverages; HFSS = High fat, sugar & salt; HFF = High Fat Food; FF = Fast food, BMI = Body Mass Index.