Which of these factors is not taken into consideration when determining the cost of long-term care

Which of these factors is not taken into consideration when determining the cost of long-term care

Nothing can cause confusion and doubt in a business like pricing your products and services. While you don’t want to charge less than you are worth, you also don’t want to price yourself out of the market, so how do you know if your price is right?

Whether you are starting out or starting over, here are five factors to consider when pricing your products and services.

1. Costs

First and foremost you need to be financially informed. Before you set your pricing, work out the costs involved with running your business. These include your fixed costs (the expenses that will come in every month regardless of sales) and your direct costs (the expenses you incur by producing and delivering your products and services).

2. Customers

Know what your customers want from your products and services. Are they driven by the cheapest price or by the value they receive? What part does price play in their purchase decision?

Also look at what you are selling, are your current customers buying high-end or low-end products and services? This information will help you determine if your price is right, what level of service or inclusions you should be offering and lastly if you are targeting the right market. It may be that you need to change your market to make your business more profitable.

3. Positioning

Once you understand your customer, you need to look at your positioning. Where do you want to be in the marketplace? Do you want to be the most expensive, luxurious, high-end brand in your industry, the cheapest, beat it by 10% brand or somewhere in the middle? Once you have decided, you will start to get an idea of your ideal pricing.

4. Competitors

This is one of the key times you can give yourself permission to do a little competitor snooping. What are they charging for different products and services? What inclusions and level of service are they offering for those prices? What customers are they attracting with their pricing? And how are they positioned in the marketplace? The answers to these questions will give you an industry benchmark for your pricing.

5. Profit

One of the most important questions business owners neglect to ask themselves is, “How much profit do I want to make?” They tend to look at what others charge and then pull a figure out of the air to be competitive without giving consideration to how much profit the want and need.

While you may be in business for the passion and to add value to the lives of others, you also need to add value to your own. So give careful consideration to what your time is worth.

How do you determine your pricing?

This article was originally published on February 24, 2015.

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Page 2

  Total (n = 23,730) Men (n = 10,418) Women (n = 13,312)
Certified (n = 1718) Non-certified (n = 22,012) Certified (n = 548) Non-certified (n = 9870) Certified (n = 1170) Non-certified (n = 12,142)
Predisposing factors
 Sex
  Men 548 (32%) 9870 (45%) 548 (100%) 9870 (100%)
  Women 1170 (68%) 12,142 (55%) 1170 (100%) 12,142 (100%)
 Age, years
  65–69 111 (6%) 6785 (31%) 59 (11%) 3266 (33%) 52 (4%) 3519 (29%)
  70–74 183 (11%) 5946 (27%) 89 (16%) 2740 (28%) 94 (8%) 3206 (26%)
  75–79 260 (15%) 4745 (22%) 105 (19%) 2099 (21%) 155 (13%) 2646 (22%)
  80–84 380 (22%) 2838 (13%) 144 (26%) 1137 (12%) 236 (20%) 1701 (14%)
  85–89 438 (25%) 1275 (6%) 97 (18%) 514 (5%) 341 (29%) 761 (6%)
  ≥ 90 346 (20%) 423 (2%) 54 (10%) 114 (1%) 292 (25%) 309 (3%)
 Education level
  ≤ 9 years 810 (47%) 6963 (32%) 234 (43%) 2774 (28%) 576 (49%) 4189 (35%)
  > 9 years 686 (40%) 11,703 (53%) 247 (45%) 5593 (57%) 439 (38%) 6110 (50%)
  Missing 222 (13%) 3346 (15%) 67 (12%) 1503 (15%) 155 (13%) 1843 (15%)
Enabling factors
 Equivalent disposable incomea
  < ¥100,000 499 (29%) 5588 (25%) 155 (28%) 2333 (24%) 344 (29%) 3255 (27%)
  ≥ ¥100,000 1132 (66%) 15,268 (69%) 371 (68%) 7020 (71%) 761 (65%) 8248 (68%)
  Missing 87 (5%) 1156 (5%) 22 (4%) 517 (5%) 65 (6%) 639 (5%)
 Type of housing
  Owned 1366 (80%) 18,327 (83%) 432 (79%) 8318 (84%) 934 (80%) 10,009 (82%)
  Rented 352 (20%) 3685 (17%) 116 (21%) 1552 (16%) 236 (20%) 2133 (18%)
 Presence of a spouse
  No 1139 (66%) 6906 (31%) 190 (35%) 1541 (16%) 949 (81%) 5365 (44%)
  Yes 579 (34%) 15,106 (69%) 358 (65%) 8329 (84%) 221 (19%) 6777 (56%)
 Household structure
  Single or Couple-only 806 (47%) 12,493 (57%) 308 (56%) 5872 (59%) 498 (43%) 6621 (55%)
  Others 912 (53%) 9519 (43%) 240 (44%) 3998 (41%) 672 (57%) 5521 (45%)
 Presence of children living separately
  No 602 (35%) 8350 (38%) 196 (36%) 3724 (38%) 406 (35%) 4626 (38%)
  Yes 974 (57%) 11,051 (50%) 301 (55%) 4982 (50%) 673 (58%) 6069 (50%)
  Missing 142 (8%) 2611 (12%) 51 (9%) 1164 (12%) 91 (8%) 1447 (12%)
Need factors
 Subjective symptoms
  0–2 symptoms 827 (48%) 15,509 (70%) 285 (52%) 7114 (72%) 542 (46%) 8395 (69%)
  ≥ 3 symptoms 873 (51%) 6319 (29%) 257 (47%) 2677 (27%) 616 (53%) 3642 (30%)
  Missing 18 (1%) 184 (1%) 6 (1%) 79 (1%) 12 (1%) 105 (1%)
  Fever 35 (2%) 121 (1%) 11 (2%) 46 (0%) 24 (2%) 75 (1%)
  Lethargic 196 (11%) 1171 (5%) 54 (10%) 473 (5%) 142 (12%) 698 (6%)
  Do not sleep well 191 (11%) 1156 (5%) 44 (8%) 403 (4%) 147 (13%) 753 (6%)
  Irritable 91 (5%) 637 (3%) 36 (7%) 258 (3%) 55 (5%) 379 (3%)
  Forgetful 422 (25%) 1916 (9%) 111 (20%) 773 (8%) 311 (27%) 1143 (9%)
  Headache 102 (6%) 679 (3%) 20 (4%) 197 (2%) 82 (7%) 482 (4%)
  Dizziness 128 (7%) 806 (4%) 34 (6%) 287 (3%) 94 (8%) 519 (4%)
  Blurred vision 273 (16%) 2256 (10%) 79 (14%) 884 (9%) 194 (17%) 1372 (11%)
  Difficulty in seeing 283 (16%) 1649 (7%) 84 (15%) 661 (7%) 199 (17%) 988 (8%)
  Ringing ears 113 (7%) 1564 (7%) 37 (7%) 735 (7%) 76 (6%) 829 (7%)
  Difficulty in hearing 355 (21%) 2015 (9%) 89 (16%) 935 (9%) 266 (23%) 1080 (9%)
  Palpitations 123 (7%) 770 (3%) 27 (5%) 318 (3%) 96 (8%) 452 (4%)
  Short-winded 154 (9%) 945 (4%) 56 (10%) 496 (5%) 98 (8%) 449 (4%)
  Pain in chest 59 (3%) 366 (2%) 14 (3%) 161 (2%) 45 (4%) 205 (2%)
  Cough, phlegmatic 242 (14%) 1478 (7%) 107 (20%) 779 (8%) 135 (12%) 699 (6%)
  Blocked/runny nose 130 (8%) 1108 (5%) 49 (9%) 595 (6%) 81 (7%) 513 (4%)
  Wheezing 87 (5%) 356 (2%) 39 (7%) 193 (2%) 48 (4%) 163 (1%)
  Stomach upset/heartburn 90 (5%) 986 (4%) 24 (4%) 406 (4%) 66 (6%) 580 (5%)
  Diarrhoea 84 (5%) 376 (2%) 28 (5%) 206 (2%) 56 (5%) 170 (1%)
  Constipation 277 (16%) 1729 (8%) 91 (17%) 723 (7%) 186 (16%) 1006 (8%)
  Loss of appetite 97 (6%) 346 (2%) 29 (5%) 156 (2%) 68 (6%) 190 (2%)
  Abdominal pain/stomachache 63 (4%) 377 (2%) 22 (4%) 154 (2%) 41 (4%) 223 (2%)
  Painful/bleeding hemorrhoids 38 (2%) 293 (1%) 17 (3%) 163 (2%) 21 (2%) 130 (1%)
  Toothache 54 (3%) 573 (3%) 19 (3%) 269 (3%) 35 (3%) 304 (3%)
  Swollen/bleeding gums 68 (4%) 680 (3%) 23 (4%) 304 (3%) 45 (4%) 376 (3%)
  Difficulty in chewing 196 (11%) 1162 (5%) 58 (11%) 501 (5%) 138 (12%) 661 (5%)
  Rash 59 (3%) 389 (2%) 20 (4%) 180 (2%) 39 (3%) 209 (2%)
  Itching 188 (11%) 1319 (6%) 74 (14%) 727 (7%) 114 (10%) 592 (5%)
  Joint pain in hands/feet 388 (23%) 2730 (12%) 88 (16%) 939 (10%) 300 (26%) 1791 (15%)
  Difficulty in limb movement 518 (30%) 1542 (7%) 160 (29%) 555 (6%) 358 (31%) 987 (8%)
  Numb limbs 301 (18%) 1708 (8%) 100 (18%) 758 (8%) 201 (17%) 950 (8%)
  Cold limbs 251 (15%) 1242 (6%) 73 (13%) 431 (4%) 178 (15%) 811 (7%)
  Swollen/heavy feet 312 (18%) 1200 (5%) 79 (14%) 348 (4%) 233 (20%) 852 (7%)
  Difficulty in/painful urination 82 (5%) 509 (2%) 43 (8%) 386 (4%) 39 (3%) 123 (1%)
  Frequent urination 240 (14%) 1629 (7%) 87 (16%) 974 (10%) 153 (13%) 655 (5%)
  Incontinence 227 (13%) 629 (3%) 60 (11%) 218 (2%) 167 (14%) 411 (3%)
  Injury including cut, burn 20 (1%) 128 (1%) 4 (1%) 60 (1%) 16 (1%) 68 (1%)
 Regular hospital visits
  0–2 diseases 1009 (59%) 16,860 (77%) 325 (59%) 7635 (77%) 684 (58%) 9225 (76%)
  ≥ 3 diseases 697 (41%) 4935 (22%) 217 (40%) 2148 (22%) 480 (41%) 2787 (23%)
  Missing 12 (1%) 217 (1%) 6 (1%) 87 (1%) 6 (1%) 130 (1%)
  Diabetes 253 (15%) 2325 (11%) 112 (20%) 1298 (13%) 141 (12%) 1027 (8%)
  Obesity 21 (1%) 235 (1%) 7 (1%) 88 (1%) 14 (1%) 147 (1%)
  Hyperlipidemia 136 (8%) 2320 (11%) 38 (7%) 685 (7%) 98 (8%) 1635 (13%)
  Thyroid disease 41 (2%) 413 (2%) 11 (2%) 68 (1%) 30 (3%) 345 (3%)
  Mental illness 55 (3%) 274 (1%) 10 (2%) 76 (1%) 45 (4%) 198 (2%)
  Dementia 316 (18%) 173 (1%) 92 (17%) 75 (1%) 224 (19%) 98 (1%)
  Parkinson’s disease 57 (3%) 80 (0%) 27 (5%) 37 (0%) 30 (3%) 43 (0%)
  Other nervous disorders 63 (4%) 233 (1%) 23 (4%) 92 (1%) 40 (3%) 141 (1%)
  Eye disease 311 (18%) 3163 (14%) 87 (16%) 1199 (12%) 224 (19%) 1964 (16%)
  Ear disease 61 (4%) 547 (2%) 10 (2%) 232 (2%) 51 (4%) 315 (3%)
  Hypertension 552 (32%) 6801 (31%) 148 (27%) 3036 (31%) 404 (35%) 3765 (31%)
  Stroke 256 (15%) 598 (3%) 136 (25%) 376 (4%) 120 (10%) 222 (2%)
  Ischemic heart disease 164 (10%) 1195 (5%) 60 (11%) 724 (7%) 104 (9%) 471 (4%)
  Other circulatory diseases 128 (7%) 957 (4%) 57 (10%) 485 (5%) 71 (6%) 472 (4%)
  Cold 9 (1%) 107 (0%) 4 (1%) 47 (0%) 5 (0%) 60 (0%)
  Allergic rhinitis 29 (2%) 528 (2%) 9 (2%) 234 (2%) 20 (2%) 294 (2%)
  COPD 19 (1%) 71 (0%) 13 (2%) 56 (1%) 6 (1%) 15 (0%)
  Asthma 47 (3%) 372 (2%) 18 (3%) 160 (2%) 29 (2%) 212 (2%)
  Other respiratory diseases 68 (4%) 399 (2%) 29 (5%) 224 (2%) 39 (3%) 175 (1%)
  Stomach/duodenum disease 63 (4%) 844 (4%) 20 (4%) 425 (4%) 43 (4%) 419 (3%)
  Liver/gall bladder disease 54 (3%) 471 (2%) 22 (4%) 252 (3%) 32 (3%) 219 (2%)
  Other digestive diseases 68 (4%) 485 (2%) 25 (5%) 243 (2%) 43 (4%) 242 (2%)
  Dental diseases 78 (5%) 1749 (8%) 25 (5%) 797 (8%) 53 (5%) 952 (8%)
  Atopic dermatitis 10 (1%) 88 (0%) 4 (1%) 50 (1%) 6 (1%) 38 (0%)
  Other skin disease 71 (4%) 543 (2%) 31 (6%) 321 (3%) 40 (3%) 222 (2%)
  Gout 19 (1%) 356 (2%) 13 (2%) 328 (3%) 6 (1%) 28 (0%)
  Rheumatoid arthritis 61 (4%) 313 (1%) 6 (1%) 73 (1%) 55 (5%) 240 (2%)
  Arthropathy 150 (9%) 1232 (6%) 22 (4%) 345 (3%) 128 (11%) 887 (7%)
  Stiff shoulder 88 (5%) 1256 (6%) 21 (4%) 361 (4%) 67 (6%) 895 (7%)
  Low back pain 282 (16%) 2639 (12%) 75 (14%) 990 (10%) 207 (18%) 1649 (14%)
  Osteoporosis 214 (12%) 1090 (5%) 17 (3%) 59 (1%) 197 (17%) 1031 (8%)
  Kidney disease 96 (6%) 438 (2%) 40 (7%) 266 (3%) 56 (5%) 172 (1%)
  Prostatic hyperplasia 76 (4%) 873 (4%) 76 (14%) 873 (9%)
  Menopause or postmenopausal disorders 4(0%) 20 (0%) 4 (0%) 20 (0%)
  Fracture 93 (5%) 243 (1%) 19 (3%) 74 (1%) 74 (6%) 169 (1%)
  Injury other than fracture/burn 22 (1%) 146 (1%) 5 (1%) 55 (1%) 17 (1%) 91 (1%)
  Anemia/blood disorder 47 (3%) 213 (1%) 16 (3%) 90 (1%) 31 (3%) 123 (1%)
  Cancer 25 (1%) 339 (2%) 10 (2%) 185 (2%) 15 (1%) 154 (1%)
 Have worries and stress
  No 518 (30%) 12,635 (57%) 153 (28%) 6072 (62%) 365 (31%) 6563 (54%)
  Yes 1151 (67%) 8972 (41%) 371 (68%) 3623 (37%) 780 (67%) 5349 (44%)
  Missing 49 (3%) 405 (2%) 24 (4%) 175 (2%) 25 (2%) 230 (2%)
  Consulting family about worries and stress 630 (37%) 3916 (18%) 178 (32%) 1432 (15%) 452 (39%) 2484 (20%)
  Consulting friends/acquaintances 133 (8%) 1896 (9%) 23 (4%) 480 (5%) 110 (9%) 1416 (12%)
  Consulting boss at work/teacher at school 2 (0%) 22 (0%) 0 (0%) 12 (0%) 2 (0%) 10 (0%)
  Consulting public institutions 142 (8%) 358 (2%) 53 (10%) 146 (1%) 89 (8%) 212 (2%)
  Consulting doctors 515 (30%) 2494 (11%) 182 (33%) 1109 (11%) 333 (28%) 1385 (11%)
  Consulting others 67 (4%) 368 (2%) 20 (4%) 162 (2%) 47 (4%) 206 (2%)
  Cannot consult anyone 35 (2%) 416 (2%) 12 (2%) 178 (2%) 23 (2%) 238 (2%)
  Do not know where to consult 27 (2%) 279 (1%) 9 (2%) 127 (1%) 18 (2%) 152 (1%)
  No need to consult 109 (6%) 1878 (9%) 45 (8%) 930 (9%) 64 (5%) 948 (8%)
 K6 total score
  < 13 1302 (76%) 19,404 (88%) 402 (73%) 8835 (90%) 900 (77%) 10,569 (87%)
  ≥ 13 180 (10%) 521 (2%) 57 (10%) 197 (2%) 123 (11%) 324 (3%)
  Missing 236 (14%) 2087 (9%) 89 (16%) 838 (8%) 147 (13%) 1249 (10%)

  1. Data are presented as N (%)
  2. Abbreviations: LTC long-term care, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  3. aThe disposable income of a household divided by the square root of the number of people in the household