What is the meaning of constitutional clauses that grant powers to Congress have been defined?

The legislative powers of the United States Congress are explicitly stated in the Constitution. Article I Section I states “All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives”. The enumerated powers of Congress are laid in out in Section 8 of the Article I. The eighteen enumerated powers are explicitly stated in Article I, Section 8.

1. Power to tax and spend for the general welfare and the common defense.
2. Power to borrow money.
3. To regulate commerce with states, other nations, and Native American tribes.
4. Establish citizenship naturalization laws and bankruptcy laws
5. Coin money
6. Power to punish counterfeiters of money and stocks
7. Power to establish post offices and roads
8. Power to regulate patents and copyrights
9. Power to establish lower courts from the Supreme Court
10. Power to establish piracy laws of the sea
11. To declare war
12. Power to raise and support Army
13. Provide and maintain the Navy
14. Make rules for the Government and regulation of naval forces
15. Power to call a militia (National Guard today)
16. Power of regulating a militia
17. Power to govern the District of Columbia and properties for federal government purposes
18. Authority to create laws that are necessary and proper to carry out the laws of the land (Necessary and Proper Clause)

Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 is known as the Necessary and Proper Clause which gives Congress the authority to create any laws that are necessary and proper to carry out the enumerated powers of the Constitution. The Necessary and Proper clause has been up for interpretation since the writing of the Constitution. A Supreme Court case that challenged the clause was McCollough v. Maryland (1819). The court ruled that the Necessary and Proper clause gave Congress the implied power to create a second national bank in Maryland and the state could not tax the bank. Another Congressional power that was explicitly stated in the Constitution was the impeachment powers in Article I, Section 2 and 3. Congress has the authority to impeach a sitting President in office. The impeachment process is as such, the House of Representatives brings articles of impeachment against the official and then the Senate is responsible for the impeachment trial. In order to impeach a sitting President, the Senate must vote two-thirds. Article III, Section 3 gives Congress the authority to decide on the punishment of treason.

The Founding Fathers explicitly stated the powers of Congress in the Constitution in order to solidify that the power of the government comes from the people. The Constitution is a protected document that has been interpreted since its writing. The powers of Congress were laid out in order to establish our government for the people, by the people.

Earn your online bachelor’s degree from a regionally accredited university that has been an online education leader for more than 15 years. Complete the form to learn more about how you can earn your bachelor’s in political science and pick up in-demand emphasis areas and certificates along the way, giving yourself a competitive edge in the job market. Contact us today to get started.

References

The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription. (2018, December 18). Retrieved February 27, 2019, from //www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript

By: Angie Kirby, EKU Graduate Assistant              

In order to continue enjoying our site, we ask that you confirm your identity as a human. Thank you very much for your cooperation.

In the United States federal government, the term “implied powers” applies to those powers exercised by Congress that are not expressly granted to it by the Constitution but are deemed “necessary and proper” to effectively execute those constitutionally granted powers.

• An "implied power" is a power that Congress exercises despite not being expressly granted it by Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution.
• Implied powers come from the Constitution’s “Elastic Clause,” which grants Congress power to pass any laws considered “necessary and proper” for effectively exercising its “enumerated” powers.
• Laws enacted under the implied powers doctrine and justified by the Elastic Clause are often controversial and hotly debated.

How can Congress pass laws that the U.S. Constitution does not specifically give it the power to pass?

Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution grants Congress a very specific set of powers known as “expressed” or “enumerated” powers representing the basis of America’s system of federalism — the division and sharing of powers between the central government and the state governments.

In a historic example of implied powers, when Congress created the First Bank of the United States in 1791, President George Washington asked Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton to defend the action over the objections of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph.

In a classic argument for implied powers, Hamilton explained that the sovereign duties of any government implied that the government reserved the right to use whatever powers necessary to carry out those duties.

Hamilton further argued that the “general welfare” and the “necessary and proper” clauses of the Constitution gave the document the elasticity sought by its framers. Convinced by Hamilton's argument, President Washington signed the banking bill into law.

In 1816, Chief Justice John Marshall cited Hamilton’s 1791 argument for implied powers in the Supreme Court’s decision in McCulloch v. Maryland upholding a bill passed by Congress creating the Second Bank of the United States. Marshall argued that Congress had the right to establish the bank, as the Constitution grants to Congress certain implied powers beyond those explicitly stated.

Congress, however, draws its often controversial implied power to pass apparently unspecified laws from Article I, Section 8, Clause 18, which grants Congress the power,

“To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.”

This so-called “Necessary and Proper Clause” or “Elastic Clause” grants Congress powers, while not specifically listed in the Constitution, that is assumed to be necessary to implement the 27 powers named in Article I.

A few examples of how Congress has exercised its wide-ranging implied powers granted by Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 include:

• Gun Control Laws: In clearly its most controversial use of implied powers, Congress has been passing laws limiting the sale and possession of firearms since 1927. While such laws may seem to be at odds with the Second Amendment ensuring the right to “keep and bear arms,” Congress has consistently cited its expressed power to regulate interstate commerce granted to it by Article I, Section 8, Clause 3, commonly called the “Commerce Clause,” as justification for passing gun control laws.
• Federal Minimum Wage: Another illustration of Congress’ use of its implied power can be seen in its rather loose interpretation of the same Commerce Clause to justify its passage of the first Federal Minimum Wage law in 1938.
• Income Tax: While Article I gives Congress the broad specific power to “lay and collect Taxes,” Congress cited its implied powers under the Elastic Clause in passing the Revenue Act of 1861 creating the nation’s first income tax law.
• The Military Draft: The always controversial, but still legally mandatory military draft law was enacted to implement Congress’ expressed Article I power to “provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States.”
• Getting Rid of the Penny: In almost every session of Congress, lawmakers consider a bill to do away with the penny, each of which costs taxpayers nearly 2-cents each to make. Should such a “penny killer” bill ever pass, Congress will have acted under its broader Article I power to “coin Money…”

The concept of implied powers in the Constitution is far from new. The framers knew that the 27 expressed powers listed in Article I, Section 8 would never be adequate to anticipate all of the unforeseeable situations and issues Congress would need to address through the years.

They reasoned that in its intended role as the most dominant and important part of the government, the legislative branch would need the broadest possible lawmaking powers. As a result, the framers built the “Necessary and Proper” clause into the Constitution as a safeguard to ensure Congress the lawmaking leeway it was certain to need.

Since the determination of what is and is not “necessary and proper” is subjective, the implied powers of Congress have been controversial since the earliest days of the government.

The first official acknowledgment of the existence and validity of the implied powers of Congress came in a landmark decision of the Supreme Court in 1819.

In the McCulloch v. Maryland case, the Supreme Court was asked to rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress establishing federally-regulated national banks.

In the court’s majority opinion, revered Chief Justice John Marshall affirmed the doctrine of “implied powers” granting Congress powers not expressly listed in Article I of the Constitution, but “necessary and proper” to carry out those “enumerated” powers.

Specifically, the court found that since the creation of banks was properly related to Congress’ expressly enumerated power to collect taxes, borrow money, and regulate interstate commerce, the bank in question was constitutional under the “Necessary and Proper Clause.”

Or as John Marshall wrote,

“(L)et the ends be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adopted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional.”

If you find the implied powers of Congress interesting, you might also like to learn about so-called “rider bills,” a completely constitutional method often used by lawmakers to pass unpopular bills opposed by their fellow members.

By its very nature, and more so by its application, the “necessary and proper” clause has and will continue to breed controversy.

What is or is not considered “necessary and proper” is purely subjective depending on the opinion of the person interpreting the clause. What one person considers a necessary measure, another might not. Furthermore, since the clause seems to expand the government’s constitutionally granted power without the required amendment process, questions arise as to where that power stops.

The Second Amendment, for example, protects the “right of the people to keep and bear arms.” However, the “necessary and proper” clause is typically used to justify using the commerce clause to regulate the sale and ownership of firearms. Many people could—and do—see this regulation as an infringement on their Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms.