What is the definition for defining the combination of goods that can be produced using all of the resources available?

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The PPFs in Figures 1.1 and 1.2 define the amounts of the goods that each individual can produce while using all of their fixed productive capacity—time in this instance. The national, or economy-wide, PPF for this two-person economy reflects these individual possibilities combined. Such a frontier can be constructed using the individual frontiers as the component blocks.

First let us define this economy-wide frontier precisely. The economy-wide PPF is the set of goods and services combinations that can be produced in the economy when all available productive resources are in use. Figure 1.3 contains both of the individual frontiers plus the aggregate of these, represented by the kinked line ace. The point on the V axis, a=27, represents the total amount of V that could be produced if both individuals devoted all of their time to it. The point e=30 on the horizontal axis is the corresponding total for fish.

Figure 1.3 Economy-wide PPF

From a, to produce Fish it is more efficient to use Zoe because her opportunity cost is less (segment ac). When Zoe is completely specialized, Amanda produces (ce). With complete specialization this economy can produce 27V or 30F.

Economy-wide PPF: the set of goods and services combinations that can be produced in the economy when all available productive resources are in use.

To understand the point c, imagine initially that all resources are devoted to V. From such a point, a, consider a reduction in V and an increase in F. The most efficient way of increasing F production at the point a is to use the individual whose opportunity cost is lower. Zoe can produce one unit of F by sacrificing just 0.5 units of V, whereas Amanda must sacrifice 1.5 units of V to produce 1 unit of F. Hence, at this stage Amanda should stick to V and Zoe should devote some time to fish. In fact as long as we want to produce more fish Zoe should be the one to do it, until she has exhausted her time resource. This occurs after she has produced 18F and has ceased producing V. At this point the economy will be producing 18V and 18F – the point c.

From this combination, if the economy wishes to produce more fish Amanda must become involved. Since her opportunity cost is 1.5 units of V for each unit of F, the next segment of the economy-wide PPF must see a reduction of 1.5 units of V for each additional unit of F. This is reflected in the segment ce. When both producers allocate all of their time to F the economy can produce 30 units. Hence the economy's PPF is the two-segment line ace. Since this has an outward kink, we call it concave (rather than convex).

As a final step consider what this PPF would resemble if the economy were composed of many persons with differing efficiencies. A little imagination suggests (correctly) that it will have a segment for each individual and continue to have its outward concave form. Hence, a four-person economy in which each person had a different opportunity cost could be represented by the segmented line abcde, in Figure 1.4. Furthermore, we could represent the PPF of an economy with a very large number of such individuals by a somewhat smooth PPF that accompanies the 4-person PPF. The logic for its shape continues to be the same: As we produce less V and more F we progressively bring into play resources, or individuals, whose opportunity cost, in terms of reduced V is higher.

Figure 1.4 A multi-person PPF

The PPF for the whole economy, abcde, is obtained by allocating productive resources most efficiently. With many individuals we can think of the PPF as the concave envelope of the individual capabilities.

The outputs V and F in our economic model require just one input – time, but if other productive resources were required the result would be still a concave PPF. Furthermore, we generally interpret the PPF to define the output possibilities when the economy is running at its normal capacity. In this example, we consider a work week of 36 hours to be the 'norm'. Yet it is still possible that the economy's producers might work some additional time in exceptional circumstances, and this would increase total production possibilities. This event would be represented by an outward movement of the PPF.

The production possibility frontier (PPF) is a curve on a graph that illustrates the possible quantities that can be produced of two products if both depend upon the same finite resource for their manufacture. The PPF is also referred to as the production possibility curve.

PPF also plays a crucial role in economics. For example, it can demonstrate that a nation's economy has reached the highest level of efficiency possible.

• When producing goods, opportunity cost is what is given up when you take resources from one product to produce another. The maximum amount that can be produced is illustrated by a curve on a graph.
• The production possibility frontier (PPF) is above the curve, illustrating impossible scenarios given the available resources.
• The PPF demonstrates that the production of one commodity may increase only if the production of the other commodity decreases.
• The PPF is a decision-making tool for managers deciding on the optimum product mix for the company.

The PPF is the area on a graph representing production levels that cannot be obtained given the available resources; the curve represents optimal levels. Here are the assumptions involved:

• A company/economy wants to produce two products
• There are limited resources
• Technology and techniques remain constant
• All resources are fully and efficiently used

If a company is deciding how much of each product to produce, it can plot points on a graph representing the number of products made using variables based on amounts of available resources. Keeping in mind that resources are limited, if the desire is to produce more of one product, resources must be taken away from the other.

As resources are taken from one product and allocated to the other, another point can be plotted on the curve. When you plot the points where more of X will be produced by taking resources from Y or vice versa, a curve is generated representing the maximum amount of each product that can be produced as resources are reallocated.

For example, if a non-profit agency provides a mix of textbooks and computers, the curve may show that it can provide either 48 textbooks and six computers or 72 textbooks and two computers. This results in a ratio of about six textbooks to one computer.

The agency's leadership must determine which item is more urgently needed. In this example, the opportunity cost of providing an additional 30 textbooks equals five more computers, so it would only be able to give out one computer with 78 textbooks. If it wanted more computers, it would need to reduce the number of textbooks by six for every computer.

When this is plotted, the area below the curve represents computers and textbooks that are not being used, and the area above the curve represents donations that cannot happen with the available resources. The area above the curve is called the production possibility frontier, and the curve (the line itself) is sometimes called the opportunity cost curve. The entire graph is sometimes referred to as the production possibility curve.

The non-profit could provide 10 textbooks and 10 computers, but this is not using all of its resources. This would be represented by a plot beneath the curve. A plot would be placed above the curve in the frontier area if the company wanted to give more than its resources provided, such as 85 textbooks and no computers or 42 textbooks and 10 computers—it simply can't do it based on available resources.

This technique can be used by economists to determine the set of points at which a country’s economy is most efficiently allocating its resources to produce as many goods as possible. If the production level is on the curve, the country can only produce more of one good if it produces less of some other good.

If the economy is producing less than the quantities indicated by the curve, this signifies that resources are not being used to their full potential. In this case, it is possible to increase the production of some goods without cutting production in other areas.

The production possibility frontier demonstrates that there are limits on production, given that the assumptions hold. Therefore, each economy must decide what combination of goods and services should be produced to attain maximum resource efficiency.

Imagine a national economy that can produce only two things: wine and cotton. If points A, B, and C are plotted on a curve, it represents the economy's most efficient use of resources.

For instance, producing five units of wine and five units of cotton (point B) is just as attainable as producing three units of wine and seven units of cotton. Point X represents an inefficient use of resources, while point Y represents a goal that the economy simply cannot attain with its present levels of resources.

As we can see, for this economy to produce more wine, it must give up some of the resources it is currently using to produce cotton (point A). If the economy starts producing more cotton (represented by points B and C), it would need to divert resources from making wine and, consequently, it will produce less wine than it is producing at point A.

Moreover, by moving production from point A to B, the economy must decrease wine production by a small amount in comparison to the increase in cotton output. But if the economy moves from point B to C, wine output will be reduced by about 50%, while the cotton output only increases by about 75%.

Keep in mind that A, B, and C all represent the most efficient allocation of resources for the economy. The nation must decide how to achieve the PPF and which combination to use. For example, if more wine is in demand, the cost of increasing its output is proportional to the cost of decreasing cotton production. Markets play an important role in telling the economy what the PPF should look like.

Consider point X in the figure above. If a country is producing at point X, it means its resources are not being used efficiently—that is, the country is not producing enough cotton or wine, given the potential of its resources. On the other hand, point Y, as we mentioned above, represents an unattainable output level.

An economy can only be produced on the PPF curve in theory. Economies constantly struggle to reach an optimal production capacity. Scarcity always forces an economy to forgo some choice in favor of another.

The only way for the curve to move outward to point Y is if there were an improvement in cotton and grape harvesting technology because the available resources—land, labor, and capital—generally remain constant. As output increased, the PPF curve would be pushed outwards. A new curve, represented in the figure on which Y would fall, would show the new optimal allocation of resources.

When the PPF shifts outwards, it implies growth in an economy. When it shifts inwards, the economy is shrinking due to a failure to allocate resources and optimal production capability. A shrinking economy could result from a decrease in supplies or a deficiency in technology.

The Pareto Efficiency, a concept named after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, measures the efficiency of the commodity allocation on the PPF. The Pareto Efficiency states that any point within the PPF curve is inefficient because the total output of commodities is below the output capacity.

Conversely, any point outside the PPF curve is impossible because it represents a mix of commodities that will require more resources to produce than are currently obtainable.

Therefore, in situations with limited resources, the only efficient commodity mixes lie along the PPF curve, with one commodity on the X-axis and the other on the Y-axis.

An economy may be able to produce all of the goods and services it needs to function using the PPF as a guide. However, this may lead to an overall inefficient allocation of resources and hinder future growth when the benefits of trading with other countries are considered.

There are four common assumptions in the model:

1. The economy is assumed to have only two goods that represent the market
2. The supply of resources is fixed or constant
3. Technology and techniques remain constant
4. All resources are efficiently and fully used

The PPF demonstrates whether resources are being used efficiently and fully when everything else remains constant. Thus, the variables can be changed to see how the curve reacts, letting you observe different outcomes.

The simplest method is to use Excel or Google Sheets. Fill two columns with two variable values, highlight the data, and use the chart wizard. Create an XY scatter plot chart and label the X and Y axes.

Because the PPF is a curve based on the data of two variables representing resources between two goods, the data can be manipulated to observe how scarcity, growth, inefficiency, efficiency, and other factors can affect production.

The PPF identifies the options when making a decision. When you decide on one action, you lose the opportunity the other action provides. Thus, there is an opportunity cost; the PPF curve plots this.

The production possibilities curve illustrates the maximum possible output for two products when there are limited resources. It also illustrates the opportunity cost of making decisions about allocating resources.

Businesses and economists use the PPF to consider possible production scenarios by changing resource variables. The PPF allows businesses to learn how variables influence production or decide which products to manufacture. Economists can use it to learn how much of a specific good can be produced in a country while not producing another good to analyze economic efficiency levels and growth.