Answer  Verified Additional Information: Prophase I is the longest in duration when compared with the prophase in mitosis, which takes about 85-95 %of the total time for meiosis. The first of prophase-I is leptotene where the chromosome begins to condense. The second stage is zygotene also known as zygonema marked by the beginning of pairing between homologous chromosomes and ends with complete pairing. The third stage is pachytene in which synapsis takes place. The fourth stage is diplotene or diplonema in which DNA recombination is completed. The last stage of prophase-I is diakinesis where the chromosome becomes shorter and thicker because of condensation and marked by the disappearance of the nucleolus and nuclear envelope at the end of prophase I.So, the correct answer is, ‘prophase I.’ Note: -The term ‘meiosis’ was coined by J.B. Farmer and J.E.S. Moore in 1905. -Meiosis is a special method of division that occurs in the maturation of the sex cells, which results in each daughter's nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cell of the species.-Meiosis is divided into two events: meiosis I or reductional division and meiosis II or mitotic division.-The difference between mitosis and meiosis is that sister chromatids remain joined after metaphase in meiosis I but in mitosis, they separate.
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is the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis. It allows matching-up of homologous pairs prior to their segregation, and possible chromosomal crossover between them. Synapsis takes place during prophase I of meiosis
Synapsis or syndesis is the lengthwise pairing of homologous chromosomes. Synapsis mainly occurs during prophase I of meiosis I. A protein complex called the synaptonemal complex connects the homologues. The chromatids intertwine, breaking apart and exchanging pieces with one other in a process called crossing-over. The cross-over site forms an "X" shape called a chiasma. Synapsis organizes homologues so they can be separated in meiosis I. Crossing-over during synapsis is a form of genetic recombination that ultimately produces gametes that have information from both parents.
When meiosis starts, each cell contains two copies of each chromosome—one from each parent. In prophase I, the two different versions of each chromosome (homologues) find each other and connect so they can line up parallel to each other on the metaphase plate and ultimately be separated to form two daughter cells. A ribbon-like protein framework called the synaptonemal complex forms. The synaptonemal complex appears as a central line flanked by two lateral lines, which are attached to homologous chromosomes. The complex holds a synapsis in a fixed state and provides the framework for chiasma formation and the exchange of genetic material in crossing-over. The homologous chromosomes and synaptonemal complex form a structure called a bivalent. When crossing-over is complete, the homologous chromosomes separate into chromosomes with recombinant chromatids. Synapsis occurs when homologous chromosomes line up and form chiasma for crossing-over. FancyTapis / Getty ImagesThe main functions of synapsis in humans are to organize homologous chromosomes so they can divide properly and ensure genetic variability in offspring. In some organisms, crossing-over during synapsis appears to stabilize bivalents. However, in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) and certain nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) synapsis is not accompanied by meiotic recombination. Sometimes problems occur during synapsis. In mammals, a mechanism called chromosome silencing removes defective meiotic cells and "silences" their genes. Chromosome silencing initiates at the sites of double-strand breaks in the DNA helix. Textbooks typically simplify descriptions and illustrations of synapsis to help students understand the basic concepts. However, this sometimes leads to confusion. The most common question students ask is whether synapsis only occurs at single points on homologous chromosomes. Actually, chromatids may form many chiasmas, involving both sets of homologue arms. Under an electron microscope, the pair of chromosomes appears entangled and crossed at multiple points. Even sister chromatids may experience crossing-over, although this does not result in genetic recombination because these chromatids have identical genes. Sometimes synapsis occurs between non-homologous chromosomes. When this happens, a chromosome segment detaches from one chromosome and attaches to another chromosome. This results in a mutation called a translocation. Another question is whether synapsis ever occurs during prophase II of meiosis II or whether it can occur during prophase of mitosis. While meiosis I, meiosis II, and mitosis all include prophase, synapsis is restricted to prophase I of meiosis because this is the only time homologous chromosomes pair with each other. There are certain rare exceptions when crossing-over occurs in mitosis. It can occur as an accidental chromosome pairing in asexual diploid cells or as an important source of genetic variation in some types of fungi. In humans, mitotic crossing-over may allow mutation or cancer gene expression that would otherwise be suppressed.
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Synapsis occurs during what stage of meiosis?
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