Which of the following refers to the process of attempting to influence the voting of lawmakers to support a companys or an organizations best interests?

The term lobby refers to a group of people who band together and try to influence people in public office and politicians. A lobby is typically formed to influence government officials to act in a way that is beneficial to the lobby's or an industry's best interests, either through favorable legislation or by blocking unfavorable measures. The term is also used as a verb to describe the influence that a group of individuals exerts over other people.

A lobby is a group of people who band together and try to influence people in public office and politicians.
The term may also allude to the action of exerting influence on public officials.
Lobbies are formed to influence officials to act in a way that is beneficial to the lobby's best interests, either through favorable legislation or by blocking unfavorable measures.
Lobbyists are commonly held in a negative light because they are seemingly able to circumvent the democratic process.

The term lobby came into use in the American political landscape in the 1800s in U.S. statehouses in the northeast. The very first lobby in the United States Congress was the room outside the chamber, which was one of the easiest places to run into House Representatives. This was generally where people were able to meet with politicians, have their say, and try to persuade them to vote a certain way.

Although no one holds meetings in this physical lobby anymore, the term's meaning has shifted. As mentioned above, a lobby is a group of individuals or companies that use their influence over public officials. It also means the action of trying to exert influence over other individuals. Lobbyists are particularly active and well-funded by certain industries, notably pharmaceuticals, oil and gas, insurance, aerospace and defense, utilities, banks, and real estate.

Lobbies and lobbyists are paid substantial amounts of money by their clients to sway the decisions of lawmakers to pass advantageous legislation for the industries they serve. Because of the influence they exert and the amount of power they hold, they are often seen in a negative light. That's because lobbies can often circumvent the democratic process and commonly conduct what most people call back-office deals.

Put simply, many citizens liken their actions to bribery, promising politicians financial support and backing during their political campaigns in exchange for votes on legislation.

It may not seem fair to the average citizen that an interest group can seemingly buy a vote, but that is how it works in politics. Despite anti-lobbying rhetoric spewed by many candidates on the campaign trail, the candidate, if elected into office, does little or nothing to put an end to special interest money. In fact, these politicians often expose themselves as hypocrites when they accept donations from lobbies.

Lobbyists crawling around Washington D.C. and state capitals may serve a positive role in illuminating or clarifying issues germane to industries or professions, but they are generally viewed pejoratively as special interest groups. But practical-minded people should note that competing interests in a democratic process is natural. Where lines may be drawn, however, are in cases that are considered harmful to society by a majority of Americans.

Although they are generally looked down upon, some lobbies can have a positive impact on society, such as those tied to environmental groups, education, and human rights.

For instance, there is a debate about whether guns and tobacco fit this category. The same goes for processed foods, sugary drinks, and expensive drugs. Some do not like the lobbies that push their agendas. Also, if a lobby simply outspends a competing interest to get what it wants, the question of fairness arises.

There are lobbies, on the other hand, that are seen as positive—even as essential—where the public good is concerned. These lobbies are tied to environmental groups, education, and human rights, to name a few. These lobbies won't be as well-funded as the industries and interest groups that oppose them, but at least they have a voice.

Lobbying Definitions, Exceptions, and Examples

Definitions.
- Direct Lobbying: Any attempt to influence legislation through communication with: (i) Any member or employee of a legislative body, or (ii) any government official or employee (other than a member or employee of a legislative body) who may participate in the formulation of the legislation, but only if the principal purpose of the communication is to influence legislation. A communication with a legislator or government official will be treated as a direct lobbying communication, if, but only if, the communication: (i) refers to specific legislation, and (ii) reflects a view on such legislation.
- Grassroots Lobbying: An attempt to influence legislation through an attempt to affect the opinions of the general public or any segment of the public. A communication with the general public will be treated as a grassroots lobbying communication if, but only if, it (i) refers to and reflects a view of specific legislation and (ii) encourages the recipient of the communication to take action with respect to such legislation by one of the following means:
  - Stating that the recipient should contact legislators or other government employees who may participate in the formulation of legislation for the purpose of influencing legislation;
  - Stating a legislator’s address, phone number, or similar information;
  - Providing a petition, tear-off postcard, or similar material for the recipient to send to a legislator; or
  - Specifically identifying one or more legislators who will vote on legislation as opposing Duke’s view on the legislation, being undecided about the legislation, being the recipient’s representative in the legislature, or being a member of the legislative committee that will consider the legislation. (Merely naming the main sponsor(s) of the legislation for purposes of identifying the legislation will not constitute encouraging the recipient to take action.)
- Legislation: Action by the United States Congress, any state legislature, any local council, or similar legislative body, or by the public in a referendum, ballot initiative, constitutional amendment, or similar procedure. It does not include actions by administrative bodies, such as school boards, housing authorities, zoning boards, or similar bodies.
- Lobbying: Any attempt to influence “legislation” on Duke’s behalf through “direct lobbying” or “grassroots lobbying.”
- Specific legislation: Legislation that has already been introduced in a legislative body as well as a specific legislative proposal that may not have been introduced.
Exceptions. The Internal Revenue Service has recognized several narrow but useful lobbying exceptions for:
- Non-partisan legislative analysis, study or research which is purely educational in nature; available to the public, governmental bodies, officials, and employees; and does not advocate (expressly or implicitly) the adoption or rejection of legislation. Note that non-partisan analysis, study, or research may advocate a particular position or viewpoint as long as there is a sufficiently full and fair exposition of the pertinent facts to enable the public or an individual to form an independent opinion or conclusion. However, non-partisan analysis may be deemed to be lobbying if it is later used to influence specific legislation.
- Communications in response to an official request for technical advice or assistance, such as requested testimony before a legislative committee.
- Appearances before or contacts with legislative bodies with respect to a possible action that might affect Duke’s existence, its powers and duties, its tax-exempt status, or the deductibility of contributions to it (as opposed to possible actions that merely may affect the scope of the organizations future activities).
Examples. The Internal Revenue Service has provided several examples to illustrate the boundaries or what qualifies as lobbying (and therefore must be reported as noted above).
- An officer of Duke writes to a Member of Congress urging him or her to vote against an amendment that will be offered during the debate on a bill. This constitutes lobbying because it states a view about specific legislation.
- A member of the faculty visits a Member of Congress and requests on behalf of Duke that he sponsor model legislation proposed by a professional society. This constitutes lobbying because it refers to and reflects a view on a specific legislative proposal, although no bill has been introduced.
- A group of faculty conduct a research project collecting information on the dangers of the use of pesticides. They produce and publish a report that presents the advantages, disadvantages, and economic costs of current patterns of pesticide use and significantly reduced levels of pesticides. The report concludes that the costs outweigh the benefits and recommends that legislation should be adopted to control the use of pesticides. This does not constitute lobbying because it presents information on both sides of the issue and presents a full and fair exposition of the facts that will enable the reader to form an independent judgment.
- An officer of Duke contacts a Member of Congress requesting that she write to an Executive Branch agency concerning proposed regulations issued by that agency. This communication does not constitute lobbying because it does not reflect a view on specific legislation.

Federal Gift Exceptions (Lobbying Disclosure Act)

Widely attended events. A university may pay admission fees, including food costs, for a Member of Congress or congressional staff to attend a convention, dinner or similar event if the event is related to official congressional duties, at least 25 other people are expected to attend (not counting members of Congress, staff, and their spouse or companion) and the event is open to members of the public, to individuals throughout a given industry or profession, or to a range of persons interested in the subject matter.
Charity events. A university may pay the admission cost for a member of Congress or staff to attend most fund raising events it sponsors. Under the ethics rules, a “charity event” is defined as a lunch, dinner, golf tournament, or the like the primary purpose of which is to raise funds for a 501(c) (3) organization.
Small constituent events. A group of a Member of Congress’ constituents generally may pay the cost for that member or his staff to attend a small meeting. Under the Senate rules, at least five constituents must be in attendance, lobbyists may not participate, and the cost of any meal must be limited to less than $50.00. The House rules require such events to be open to members of the constituent organization as opposed to only officers or board members.
Free receptions with food or refreshments of nominal value. A university may invite Members of Congress and staff to attend an event that does not require an admission fee, but the gift restrictions preclude food or refreshments unless of a nominal value. Thus, the university may host a reception for members and staff at which is provided the type food usually offered at receptions or morning meetings.

North Carolina Gift Exceptions (State Lobbying and Ethics Acts)

Open Meetings and Invited Gatherings. Members of the North Carolina General Assembly, their staff, and state government officials may attend “open meetings” (i.e., meetings that are open to the general public) and “invited gatherings” and accept food and beverage for immediate consumption paid for by Duke as long as the event meets specific criteria set forth in the North Carolina ethics laws. For more information on these and other exceptions, see Guidelines for Duke Faculty & Staff Compliance with the North Carolina Law, especially the requirements pertaining to invitations and attendance.
Expenses related to participation in certain educational events. Duke may pay for or reimburse a member of the North Carolina General Assembly or their staff, or a state government official for expenses (food, beverage, registration, transportation, entertainment) related to the individual’s participation in an educational forum, seminar, conference, or speaker/panel presentation if the event is educational and participation in that event is related to the public duties of the individual. The event must have a formal agenda identifying the sponsor, which is distributed at least 10 days in advance of the event, and must be attended by at least 10 people not related to the covered persons invited to participate.
One-on-one meetings with covered persons. Such meetings are appropriate if the discussion at the meeting is directly related to the duties of the state official and the Duke employee or contractor is not acting as a lobbyist. No food or beverages may be offered as part of the meeting. If they are, however, these expenses must be reported.
Expenses related to participation in “director/officer/advisory/board member meetings.” Duke may pay for or reimburse board members who are covered persons for food and beverage for immediate consumption, and related transportation, as long as these amenities are available to all meeting attendees on the same basis.