Which intervention should the nurse include in the plan of care for a patient who is experiencing hypercalcemia?

1. Spiro SG, Gould MK, Colice GL, et al. Initial evaluation of the patient with lung cancer: symptoms, signs, laboratory tests, and paraneoplastic syndromes: ACCP evidenced-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest 2007;132:149S-160S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Dalmau J, Rosenfeld MR. Overview of Paraneoplastic Syndromes of the Nervous System. 2014. Available online: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-paraneoplastic-syndromes-of-the-nervous-system (Accessed 17th Feb 2016).

3. Kanaji N, Watanabe N, Kita N, et al. Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2014;5:197-223. 10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.197 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

4. Darnell RB, DeAngelis LM. Regression of small-cell lung carcinoma in patients with paraneoplastic neuronal antibodies. Lancet 1993;341:21-2. 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92485-C [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

5. White J. The role of lung cancer nurse specialists. Cancer Nursing Practice 2013;12:16-22. 10.7748/cnp2013.11.12.9.16.e1000 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

6. Tod AM, Redman J, McDonnell A, et al. Lung cancer treatment rates and the role of the lung cancer nurse specialist: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2015;5:e008587. 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008587 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

7. National Cancer Survivorship Initiative: Holistic Needs Assessment. Department of Health 2012. [Google Scholar]

8. Temel JS, Greer JA, Muzikansky A, et al. Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2010;363:733-42. 10.1056/NEJMoa1000678 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

9. Giometto B, Vitaliani R, Lindeck-Pozza E, et al. Treatment for Paraneoplastic Neuropathies. Cochrane Library 2012. Available online: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007625/otherversions. Assessed 20th February 2016.

10. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Cancer-Related Fatigue 2010; (Version 1).

11. Lowe M, Molassiotis A. A longitudinal qualitative analysis of the factors that influence patient distress within the lung cancer population. Lung Cancer 2011;74:344-8. 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.03.011 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

12. Bower JE, Bak K, Berger A, et al. Screening, assessment, and management of fatigue in adult survivors of cancer: an American Society of Clinical oncology clinical practice guideline adaptation. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:1840-50. 10.1200/JCO.2013.53.4495 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

13. Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD, et al. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:489-95. 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70218-7 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

14. Fox KM, Brooks JM, Gandra SR, et al. Estimation of Cachexia among Cancer Patients Based on Four Definitions. J Oncol 2009;2009:693458. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

15. Gioulbasanis I, Georgoulias P, Vlachostergios PJ, et al. Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and biochemical markers of cachexia in metastatic lung cancer patients: interrelations and associations with prognosis. Lung Cancer 2011;74:516-20. 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.05.009 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

16. Laird BJ, Kaasa S, McMillan DC, et al. Prognostic factors in patients with advanced cancer: a comparison of clinicopathological factors and the development of an inflammation-based prognostic system. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19:5456-64. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-1066 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

17. Radbruch L, Elsner F, Trottenberg P, et al. Clinical practice guidelines on cancer cachexia in advanced cancer patients. Aachen, Department of Palliative Medicinen/ European Palliative Care Research Collaborative, 2010. [Google Scholar]

18. Granda-Cameron C, DeMille D, Lynch MP, et al. An interdisciplinary approach to manage cancer cachexia. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2010;14:72-80. 10.1188/10.CJON.72-80 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

19. Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool. Available online: http://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_full.pdf

20. National Lung Cancer Forum for Nurses. A Practical Guide for Lung Cancer Nutritional Care 2014. [Google Scholar]

21. Hiraki A, Ueoka H, Takata I, et al. Hypercalcemia-leukocytosis syndrome associated with lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2004;43:301-7. 10.1016/j.lungcan.2003.09.006 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

22. Horwitz MJ, Stewart A. Hypercalcemia Associated with Malignancy. In: Favus MJ. editor. Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 6th Edition. Washington, D.C.: American Society of Bone and Mineral Research, 2006;195. [Google Scholar]

23. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Hypercalcaemia 2014; Available online: http://cks.nice.org.uk/hypercalcaemia#!management. Accessed 20th February 2016.

24. Ilias I, Torpy DJ, Pacak K, et al. Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic corticotropin secretion: twenty years' experience at the National Institutes of Health. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:4955-62. 10.1210/jc.2004-2527 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

25. Shepherd FA, Laskey J, Evans WK, et al. Cushing's syndrome associated with ectopic corticotropin production and small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1992;10:21-7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Pelosof LC, Gerber DE. Paraneoplastic syndromes: an approach to diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 2010;85:838-54. 10.4065/mcp.2010.0099 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

27. Darnell RB, Posner JB. Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the nervous system. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1543-54. 10.1056/NEJMra023009 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

28. Titulaer MJ, Wirtz PW, Willems LN, et al. Screening for small-cell lung cancer: a follow-up study of patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4276-81. 10.1200/JCO.2008.17.5133 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

29. Kosmidis P, Krzakowski M. Anemia profiles in patients with lung cancer: what have we learned from the European Cancer Anaemia Survey (ECAS)? Lung Cancer 2005;50:401-12. 10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.08.004 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

30. Kasuga I, Makino S, Kiyokawa H, et al. Tumor-related leukocytosis is linked with poor prognosis in patients with lung carcinoma. Cancer 2001;92:2399-405. 10.1002/1097-0142(20011101)92:9<2399::AID-CNCR1588>3.0.CO;2-W [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

31. Hamilton W, Peters TJ, Round A, et al. What are the clinical features of lung cancer before the diagnosis is made? A population based case-control study. Thorax 2005;60:1059-65. 10.1136/thx.2005.045880 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

32. Bauer KA. Risk and prevention of venous thromboembolism in adults with cancer. Available online: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/risk-and-prevention-of-venous-thromboembolism-in-adults-with-cancer?source=see_link. Accessed 4th April 2016.

33. Blom JW, Doggen CJ, Osanto S, et al. Malignancies, prothrombotic mutations, and the risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA 2005;293:715-22. 10.1001/jama.293.6.715 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

34. De Martino RR, Goodney PP, Spangler EL, et al. Variation in thromboembolic complications among patients undergoing commonly performed cancer operations. J Vasc Surg 2012;55:1035-40.e4. 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.10.129 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

35. Caine GJ, Stonelake PS, Lip GY, et al. The hypercoagulable state of malignancy: pathogenesis and current debate. Neoplasia 2002;4:465-73. 10.1038/sj.neo.7900263 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

36. Chattopadhyay D, Adhya S, Bandyopadhyay S, et al. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Lung Cancers of Epithelial Origin. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 2013;9:18-22. 10.9790/0853-0931822 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

37. Sridhar KS, Lobo CF, Altman RD. Digital Clubbing and Lung Cancer. Chest 1998;114:1535. 10.1378/chest.114.6.1535 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

38. Nguyen S, Hojjati M. Review of current therapies for secondary hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. Clin Rheumatol 2011;30:7-13. 10.1007/s10067-010-1563-7 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

39. Miller ML, Vleugels RA. Clinical manifestations of dermatomyositis and polymyositis in adults. Available online: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-of-dermatomyositis-and-polymyositis-in-adults?source=see_link. Accessed 4th April 2016.

40. Ang GC, Werth VP. Combination antimalarials in the treatment of cutaneous dermatomyositis: a retrospective study. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:855-9. 10.1001/archderm.141.7.855 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

41. Racanelli V, Prete M, Minoia C, et al. Rheumatic disorders as paraneoplastic syndromes. Autoimmun Rev 2008;7:352-8. 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.02.001 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

42. Ohguro H, Nakazawa M. Pathological roles of recoverin in cancer-associated retinopathy. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002;514:109-24. 10.1007/978-1-4615-0121-3_7 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]


Page 2

Which intervention should the nurse include in the plan of care for a patient who is experiencing hypercalcemia?

Paraneoplastic syndromes. There are a wide variety of paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) that are associated with lung cancer with the most common ones being the systemic syndromes of fatigue and cachexia, paraneoplastic endocrine syndrome, paraneoplastic neurological syndrome and haematological syndromes.