Our previous article, ‘Using Lists—Vertical Lists’, outlined how to create emphasis in your writing through effective construction of lists. Show What happens if you have a list, but don’t want that much emphasis or visual signposting? What if you don’t have the physical space to present dot points? Horizontal lists, lists that appear within written text, present a series of items without promoting the items as priority on the page (as a vertical list does). There are three punctuation marks that are particularly useful when presenting lists: the colon, the semicolon and the comma. We’ll explain the role of each of these punctuation marks in this article. The ColonThe colon always introduces a vertical list; however, it is not always necessary in a horizontal list. For example: Julia Gillard has held the title of prime minister, leader of the Labor Party and Minister for Education. A colon is always used following appositions (e.g., ‘the following’ or ‘as follows’). Here’s the same sentence rewritten: Julia Gillard has held the following titles: prime minister, leader of the Labor Party and Minister for Education. A colon isn’t needed if the series of items flows naturally (as it did in the first example). The colon is often unrequired when the following expressions do its job: ‘including’, ‘namely’ and ‘such as’. In this case, a comma will suffice. For example: Julia Gillard has held many titles, including prime minister, leader of the Labor Party and Minister for Education. One word of warning though—do not introduce a list with a semicolon. If you need a punctuation mark to introduce a list, the colon is the punctuation mark you need. The SemicolonNow that we know that semicolons can’t introduce lists, you might be asking what they can do. Semicolons are used to separate items in complex lists. You often need a semicolon between items when there are commas within the items themselves. Let me explain with an example: Four aspects will be considered: time in classroom; experience, with specific attention to paid experience; rate of pay; and reported level of support. The semicolon is quite effective in separating items in the list. It’s important to point out that if you’re using semicolons to separate items in a list, a semicolon is used before the ‘and’ that leads to the final item. If a comma had been used to separate the items in the list, we wouldn’t put a comma before ‘and’ unless it was necessary to avoid ambiguity. A comma before the ‘and’ is called the ‘serial comma’; it’s not used in British/Australian English. The CommaThe comma is also used to separate items in a list. You can see the comma at use in our first example, repeated here: Julia Gillard has held the title of prime minister, leader of the Labor Party and Minister for Education. You’ll notice a comma isn’t normally placed before the ‘and’. There is one exception: a serial comma should be used when necessary to avoid ambiguity. I have invited the following people to the conference: Dr and Dr Walker, Mrs Hudson, Mr Jones and his friend, and the office secretary. The comma after friend avoids confusion between Mr Jones’s friend and the office secretary. Without the comma, the item of the list might read more like ‘Mr Jones’ friend’ who is also ‘the office secretary’. This way, the serial comma distinguishes them as separate items—and people! If you’d like to learn about how to write vertical lists, we recommend you read our article, ‘Using Lists—Vertical Lists’. Colons, semicolons, and dashes are perhaps the three most misunderstood punctuation marks in the English language. Each of these is used to indicate a pause or break in a sentence. In some instances, these punctuation marks are not interchangeable. In other instances, it's up to the discretion of the writer. Let's take a deep dive into each of these pause-makers and see which one will suit your next line of prose. We use colons in writing for five things:
We use semicolons to separate two independent clauses that are not joined by a conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, etc.). These independent clauses are always closely related, but the second is not usually an explanation or clarification of the first. Often the second independent clause will begin with what is called a conjunctive adverb (however, moreover, additionally, therefore, thus, consequently, otherwise, etc.).
If you have a list, and some or all of the items in the list have commas in them, then separating the items with additional commas is just terribly confusing. Separate them with semicolons instead to avoid any ambiguity.
Also, if you have two independent clauses that each include several commas, you can join them with a semicolon and a conjunction.
Dashes look like hyphens, just longer, right? While the two might look similar, they function in different ways. Hyphens join words together while dashes separate words. There are two types of dashes to choose from: the em dash and the en dash. Think of an em dash as the punctuation you need when you interrupt yourself. Use it when you need to interject something, and you want to draw attention to it, or when you need to explain or clarify something, but you don't want to be so formal as to use a colon.
Another way to look at em dashes is an alternative option to both commas and parentheses. They, too, can be used in pairs to insert a clause. Here are examples with em dashes used in this way:
So, the primary function of the em dash is to cause a strong break in a sentence. For example:
Depending on your settings, if you're writing in Microsoft Word and type a hyphen twice, it will turn it into an em dash. This allows readers to read your bit of text with a more severe pause. Alternatively, you can select an em dash from the "Symbols" drop-down menu. The em dash is about the length of a lower case "m," hence its name. Guess which letter of the keyboard an en dash spans? The lesser-known en dash is about the width of a lowercase letter "n," which is why it's named the way it is. An en dash falls somewhere between a hyphen and the stronger em dash. The en dash literally means "through" and is often used in place of the words "to" and "till." That's why en dashes are frequently used with dates and numbers. It is used as a mark of separation. For example:
Hyphens don't have a space between words, but there's an exception to the rule known as the hanging hyphen. But, even then, a hanging hyphen will only have one space after it (and none before it). This sounds technical, but hanging hyphens are somewhat rare. Here's an example:
As a general rule, hyphens aren't separated by spaces while dashes are. However, when a section of writing requires a dash, always refer to the style guide you're using. The AP Style Guide and the Chicago Manual of Style differ when it comes to dashes. AP likes to place a space before and after the dash (unless it's introducing items in a vertical list). The Chicago Manual of Style, however, doesn't take a space before or after. The MLA Style Guide sides with the Chicago Manual of Style, also requiring no spaces. So, that's the dash. It's an interrupter, a pause-maker, a separator. Its function is so important, it's worth a quick glance through your style guide. The thing one must be careful about with regard to any punctuation mark is that you should use it sparingly. Writing that is filled with colons tends to look overly formal, and too many semicolons come off as pretentious An excess of dashes makes a story feel choppy. Try to vary the types of punctuation marks you use; it will make your writing clearer and more lively. If you stick to these 6 Basic Punctuation Rules, you'll be on the road to a neat and tidy writing carer!
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