What service is indicated by the inverse H

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Let h be a strictly increasing continuous function. Show that its inverse, denoted by $h^{-1}$, is also a strictly increasing function.

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An inverse head and shoulders, also called a "head and shoulders bottom", is similar to the standard head and shoulders pattern, but inverted: with the head and shoulders top used to predict reversals in downtrends.

This pattern is identified when the price action of a security meets the following characteristics: the price falls to a trough and then rises; the price falls below the former trough and then rises again; finally, the price falls again but not as far as the second trough. Once the final trough is made, the price heads upward, toward the resistance found near the top of the previous troughs.

Image by Sabrina Jiang © Investopedia 2020

  • An inverse head and shoulders is similar to the standard head and shoulders pattern, but inverted.
  • It may be used to predict reversals in downtrends 
  • An inverse head and shoulders pattern, upon completion, signals a bull market
  • Investors typically enter into a long position when the price rises above the resistance of the neckline.

Investors typically enter into a long position when the price rises above the resistance of the neckline. The first and third trough are considered shoulders and the second peak forms the head. A move above the resistance, also known as the neckline, is used as a signal of a sharp move higher. Many traders watch for a large spike in volume to confirm the validity of the breakout. This pattern is the opposite of the popular head and shoulders pattern but is used to predict shifts in a downtrend rather than an uptrend.

A suitable profit target can be ascertained by measuring the distance between the bottom of the head and the neckline of the pattern and using that same distance to project how far the price may move in the direction of the breakout.

For example, if the distance between the head and neckline is ten points, the profit target is set ten points above the pattern's neckline. An aggressive stop-loss order can be placed below the breakout price bar or candle. Alternatively, a conservative stop-loss order can be placed below the right shoulder of the inverse head and shoulders pattern.

An inverse head and shoulders pattern is comprised of three component parts:

  1. After long bearish trends, the price falls to a trough and subsequently rises to form a peak.
  2. The price falls again to form a second trough substantially below the initial low and rises yet again.
  3. The price falls for a third time, but only to the level of the first trough, before rising once more and reversing the trend.

A buy stop order can be placed just above the neckline of the inverse head and shoulders pattern. This ensures the investor enters on the first break of the neckline, catching upward momentum. Disadvantages of this strategy include the possibility of a false breakout and higher slippage in relation to order execution.

An investor can wait for the price to close above the neckline; this is effectively waiting for confirmation that the breakout is valid. Using this strategy, an investor can enter on the first close above the neckline. Alternatively, a limit order can be placed at or just below the broken neckline, attempting to get an execution on a retrace in price. Waiting for a retrace is likely to result in less slippage; however, there is the possibility of missing the trade if a pullback does not occur.

The opposite of an inverse head and shoulders chart is the standard head and shoulders, used to predict reversals in up-trends. This pattern is identified when the price action of a security meets the following characteristics: the price rises to a peak and then falls; the price rises above the former peak and then falls again; finally, the price rises again but not as far as the second peak. Once the final peak is made, the price heads downward, toward the resistance found near the bottom of the previous peaks.

Like all charting patterns, the ups and downs of the head and shoulders pattern tell a very specific story about the battle being waged between bulls and bears.

The initial decline and subsequent peak represent the building momentum of the prior bearish trend into the first shoulder portion. Wanting to sustain the downward movement as long as possible, bears try to push the price back down past the initial trough after the shoulder to reach a new low (the head). At this point, it is still possible that bears could reinstate their market dominance and continue the downward trend.

However, once the price rises a second time and reaches a point above the initial peak, it is clear that bulls are gaining ground. Bears try one more time to push the price downward but succeed only in hitting the lesser lower reached in the initial trough. This failure to surpass the lowest low signals the bears' defeat and bulls take over, driving the price upward and completing the reversal.

The inverse head and shoulders chart is thought to predict a bearish-to-bullish trend reversal and signals that a downward trend is nearing its end. Investors consider it to be among the most reliable trend reversal patterns.

The most common entry point is a breakout of the neckline, with a stop below (market bottom) or above (market top) the right shoulder. The profit target is the difference between the high and low with the pattern added (market bottom) or subtracted (market top) from the breakout price. The system is not perfect, but it does provide a method of trading the markets based on logical price movements.

The neckline is the level of support used to determine where to place orders. To identify the neckline, first locate the left shoulder, head, and right shoulder on the chart. In the inverse head and shoulders pattern (market bottom), we connect the high after the left shoulder with the high created after the head.

Cards Return to Set Details

Term
Which types of airspace are depicted on the En Route Low Altitude Chart?
Definition
Limits of controlled airspace, military training routes, and special use airspace.

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 24)
Proceeding southbound on V187, (vicinity of Cortez VOR) contact is lost with Denver Center. You should attempt to reestablish contact with Denver Center on:
Definition
133.425 MHz

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 22 and 24)
For planning purposes, what would be the highest MEA on V187 between Grand Junction, Walker Airport and Durango, La Plata Co. Airport?
Definition
15,000 ft

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 24)
At what point should a VOR changeover be made from JNC VOR to MANCA intersection southbound on V187?
Definition
52 NM south of JNC.

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 24)
What is the MOCA between JNC and MANCA intersection on V187?
Definition
13,700 ft MSL

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 34)
At which altitude and location on V573 would you expect the navigational signal of the HOT VOR/DME to be unreliable?
Definition
3,000 ft at APINE intersection

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 53)
Where is the VOR COP on V27 between the GVO and MQO VORTACs?
Definition
20 DME from GVO VORTAC

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 53)
What service is indicated by the inverse "H" symbol in the radio aids to navigation box for PRB VORTAC?
Definition
Availability of HIWAS.

AIM

Term
(Refer to figure 65)

Which point would be the appropriate VOR COP on V552 from the LFT to the TBD VORTACs?

Definition
34 DME from the LFT VORTAC.

Enroute Charte Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 65 and 67)
What is the significance of the symbol at GRICE intersection?
Definition
The localizer has an additional navigation function.

Approach Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 70 and 71)
Which VORTAC along the proposed route of flight could provide HIWAS information?
Definition
KINGSTON VORTAC.

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 78)
What is the maximum altitude that you may flight plan an IFR flight on V86 EASTBOUND between BOZEMAN and BILLINGS VORTACs?
Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 78)
What ist he minimum crossing altitude over the BOZEMAN VORTAC for a flight southeast bound on V86?
Definition
9,300 ft MSL

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
Unless otherwise prescribed, what is the rule regarding altitude and course to be maintained during an off airways IFR flight over nonmountainous terrain?
Definition
1,000 ft above the highest obstacle within 4 NM of course.

FAR 91.177

Term
Unless otherwise prescribed, what is the rule regarding altitude and course to be maintained during an IFR off airways flight over mountainous terrain?
Definition
2,000 ft above the highest obstacle within 4 NM of course.

FAR 91.177

Term
What is the definition of MEA?
Definition
The lowest published altitude which meets obstacle clearance requirements and assures acceptable navigational signal coverage.

AIM

Term
The altitude that provides acceptable navigational signal coverage for the route, and meets obstacle clearance requirements, is the minimum:
Definition
Term
Reception of signals from an off-airway radio facility may be inadequate to identify the fix at the designated MEA. In this case, which altitude is designated for the fix?
Definition
Term
Which condition is guaranteed for all of the following altitude limits: MAA, MCA, MRA, MOCA and MEA?
(non-mountainous area)
Definition
1,000 ft obstacle clearance.

AIM

Term
If no MCA is specified, what is the lowest altitude for crossing a radio fix, beyond which a higher minimum applies?
Definition
The MEA at which the fix is approached.

AIM

Term
Unless otherwise specified on the chart, the minimum en route altitude along a jet route is
Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 87)
Where is the VOR COP when flying east on V306 from Daisetta to Lake Charles?
Definition
30 NM east of DAS

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 87)
What is indicated by the localizer course symbol at Jefferson County Airport?
Definition
A published ILS localizer course, which has an additional navigation function.
Term
(Refer to figure 87)
Which VHF frequencies, other than 121.5, can be used to receive De Ridder FSS in the Lake Charles area?
Definition
122.2, 122.3

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 87)
Why is the localizer back course at Jefferson County Airport depicted?
Definition
The back course has an additional navigation function.

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 87)
Where is the VOR changeover point on V20 between Beaumont and Hobby?
Definition
Halfway point

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 89)
When flying from Milford Municipal to Bryce Canyon via V235 and V293, what minimum altitude should you be at when crossing Cedar City VOR?
Definition
12,000 ft

Enroute Chart Legend, FAR 91.177

Term
(Refer to figure 89)
What VHF frequencies are available for communications with Cedar City FSS?
Definition
122.2, 121.5, 122.6, and 112.1

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 89)
What are the oxygen requirements for an IFR flight northeast bound from Bryce Canyon on V382 at the lowest appropriate altitude in an unpressurized aircraft?
Definition
The required minimum crew must be provided and use supplemental oxygen, and all occupants must be provided supplemental oxygen for the entire flight above 15,000 feet

Enroute Chart Legend, FAR 91.211a

Term
(Refer to figure 89)
What is the ARTCC discrete frequency at the COP on V208 southwest bound from HVE to PGA VOR/DME?
Definition
133.6

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 89)
What type of airspace exists above Bryce Canyon Airport from the surface to 1,200 ft AGL?
Definition
Class G.

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 91)
What is the minimum crossing altitude at DBS VORTAC for a northbound IFR flight on V257?
Definition
8,600 ft

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 91)
What lighting is indicated on the chart for Jackson Hole Airport?
Definition
Pilot Controlled lighting

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 91)
What is the function of the Great Falls RCO (Yellowstone Vicinity)?
Definition
Remote communications outlet for Great Falls FSS.

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 91)
Where should you change VOR frequencies when en route from DBS VORTAC to JAC VOR/DME on V520?
Definition
60 NM from DBS VORTAC.

AIM

Term
(Refer to figure 91)
What is the minimum crossing altitude at SABAT intersection when eastbound from DBS VORTAC on V298?
Definition
11,100 ft

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
In the case of operations over an arean designated as a mountainous area where no other minimum altitude is prescribed, no person may operate an aircraft under IFR below an altitude of
Definition
2,000 ft above the highest obstacle.

FAR 91.177

Term
MEA is an altitude which assures
Definition
acceptable navigational signal coverage and meets obstruction clearance requirements.

AIM

Term
Reception of signals from a radio facility, located off the airway being flown, may be inadequate at the designated MEA to identify the fix. In this case, which altitude is designated for the fix?
Definition
Term
ATC may assign the MOCA when certain special conditions exist, and when within
Definition
Term
Which aeronautical chart depicts Military Training Routes (MTR) above 1,500 ft?
Definition
IFR Low Altitude En Route Chart

AIM

Term
Acceptable navigational signal coverage at the MOCA is assured for a distance from the VOR of only
Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 78)
When eastbound on V86 between Whitehall and Livingston, the minimum altitude that you should cross BZN is?
Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 47)
En route on V112 from BTG VORTAC to LTJ VORTAC, the minimum altitude crossing Gymme intersection is
Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 47)
En route on V468 from BTG VORTAC to YKM VORTAC, the minimum altitude at TROTS intersection is
Definition
Term
For which speed variation should you notify ATC?
Definition
When the average true airspeed changes 5% or 10 knots, whichever is greater.

AIM

Term
For IFR planning purposes, what are the compulsory reporting points when using VOR/DME or VORTAC fixes to define a direct route not on established airways?
Definition
Fixes selected to define the route.

AIM

Term
(Refer to figure 34)
For planning purposes, what is the highest useable altitude for an IFR flight on V573 from the HOT VORTAC to the TXK VORTAC?
Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 40)
For planning purposes, what is the highest useable altitude for an IFR flight on V16 from BGS VORTAC to ABI VORTAC?
Definition
Term
What is the recommended climb procedure when a nonradar departure control instructs pilots to climb to the assigned altitude?
Definition
Maintain an optimum climb on te centerline of the airway without intermediate level offs until 1,000 ft below assigned altitude, then 500 to 1500 ft per minute.

AIM

Term
What reports are required of a flight operating on an IFR clearance specifying VFR-on-Top in a nonradar environment?
Definition
The same reports that are required for any IFR flight.

AIM

Term
Which report should be made to ATC without a specific request when not in radar contact?
Definition
When leaving final approach fix inbound on final approach.

AIM

Term
(Refer to figure 91)
What are the two limiting cruising altitudes useable on V343 for a VFR-on-Top flight from DBS VORTAC to RANEY intersection
Definition
15,500 and 17,500 ft

AIM, FAR 91.159

Term
During the enroute phase of an IFR flight, the pilot is advised "Radar service terminated." What action is appropriate?
Definition
Resume normal position reporting.

AIM

Term
In the case of operations over an areadesignated as a mountainous area, no person may operate an aircraft under IFR below 2,000 ft above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of
Definition
4 NM from the course flown.

FAR 91.177

Term
(Refer to figure 87)
At STRUT intersection headed eastbound, ATC instructs you to hold west on the 10 DME fix west of LCH on V306, standard turns, what entry procedure is recommended?
Definition
Direct.

Enroute Chart Legend

Term
(Refer to figure 112)
You arrive at the 15 DME fix on a heading of 350. Which holding pattern correctly complies with the ATC clearance below, and what is the recommended entry procedure? "...HOLD WEST OF THE ONE FIVE DME FIX ON THE ZERO NINE ZERO RADIAL OF THE ABC VORTAC, FIVE MILE LEGS, LEFT TURNS..."
Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 113)You receive this ATC clearance:"...CLEARED TO THE ABC VORTAC. HOLD SOUTH ON THE ONE EIGHT ZERO RADIAL..."

What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern?

Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 113)You receive this ATC clearance:"...CLEARED TO THE XYZ VORTAC. HOLD NORTH ON THE THREE SIX ZERO RADIAL, LEFT TURNS..."

What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern

Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 113)You receive this ATC clearance:

"...CLEARED TO THE ABC VORTAC. HOLD WEST ON THE TWO SEVEN ZERO RADIAL..." What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding patterns?

Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 114)A pilot receives this ATC clearance:"...CLEARED TO THE ABC VORTACT. HOLD WEST ON THE TWO SEVEN ZERO RADIAL..."

What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern?

Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 114)A pilot receives this ATC clearance:"...CLEARED TO THE XYZ VORTAC. HOLD NORTH ON THE THREE SIX ZERO RADIAL, LEFT TURNS..."

What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern?

Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 114)A pilot receives this ATC clearance:"...CLEARED TO THE ABC VORTAC. HOLD SOUTH ON THE ONE EIGHT ZERO RADIAL..."

What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern?

Definition
Term
To ensure proper airspace protection while in a holding pattern, what is the maximum indicated airspeed above 14,000 ft?
Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 115)You receive this ATC clearance:"...HOLD WEST OF THE ONE FIVE DME FIX ON THE ZERO NINE ZERO RADIAL OF THE ABC VORTAC, FIVE MILE LEGS, LEFT TURNS..."

You arrive at the 15 DME fix on a heading of 350. Which holding pattern correctly complies with these instructions, and what is the recommended entry procedure?

Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 116)You arrive over the 15 DME fix on a heading of 350. Which holding pattern correctly complies with the ATC clearance below, and what is the recommended entry procedure?

"...HOLD WEST OF THE ONE FIVE DME FIX ON THE TWO SIX EIGHT RADIAL OF THE ABC VORTAC, FIVE MILE LEGS, LEFT TURNS..."

Definition
Term
At what point should the timing begin for the first leg outbound in a nonstandard holding pattern?
Definition
When over or abeam the holding fix, whichever occurs later.

AIM

Term
(Refer to figure 117)You receive this ATC clearance:"...CLEARED TO THE ABC NDB. HOLD SOUTHEAST ON THE ONE FOUR ZERO DEGREE BEARING FROM THE NDB. LEFT TURNS..."At station passage you note the indications in the referenced figure.

What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding patterns?

Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 117)You receive this ATC clearance:"...CLEARED TO THE XYZ NDB. HOLD NORTHEAST ON THE ZERO FOUR ZERO DEGREE BEARING FROM THE NDB. LEFT TURNS..."At station passage you note the indications in the referenced figure.

What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern?

Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 117)You receive this ATC clearance:"...CLEARED TO THE ABC NDB. HOLD SOUTHWEST ON THE TWO THREE ZERO DEGREE BEARING FROM THE NDB..."At station passage you note the indications in the referenced figure.

What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern?

Definition
Term
What timing procedure should be used when performing a holding pattern at a VOR?
Definition
Timing for the outbound leg begins over or abeam the VOR, whichever occurs later.

AIM

Term
When holding at an NDB, at what point should the timing begin for the second leg outbound?
Definition
When abeam the holding fix.

AIM

Term
To ensure proper airspace protection while holding at 5,000 ft in a civil aircraft, what is the maximum indicated airspeed a pilot should use?
Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 128)
What type entry is recommended for the missed approach holding pattern depicted on the VOR RWY 36 approach chart for Price/Carbon County Airport?
Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 129)
What indication should you get when it is time to turn inbound while in the procedure turn at LABER?
Definition
4 DME miles form LABER

AIM

Term
(Refer to figure 152)
What waypoints are designated as fly-over waypoints?
Definition
Missed approach and AGHAN

IFH

Term
(Refer to figure 152)
At what point is the piot authorized to descend below 5,200 ft when cleared to the SUXYO waypoint from the West?
Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 129)
What type of entry is recommended to the missed approach holding pattern if the inbound heading is 050?
Definition
Term
(Refer to figure 133)
What type of entry is recommended for the missed approach holding pattern at Riverside Municipal?
Definition
Term
To ensure proper airspace protection while in a holding pattern, what is the maximum indicated airspeed above 14,000 ft?
Definition
Term
Where a holding pattern is specified in lieu of a procedure turn, the holding maneuver must be executed within
Definition
the 1-minute time limitation or DME distance as specified in the profile view

AIM

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What service is indicated by the inverse H

What service is indicated by the inverse H

What service is indicated by the inverse H