The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and have a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions. The health dimension is assessed by life expectancy at birth, the education dimension is measured by mean of years of schooling for adults aged 25 years and more and expected years of schooling for children of school entering age. The standard of living dimension is measured by gross national income per capita. The HDI uses the logarithm of income, to reflect the diminishing importance of income with increasing GNI. The scores for the three HDI dimension indices are then aggregated into a composite index using geometric mean. Refer to Technical notes for more details. The HDI can be used to question national policy choices, asking how two countries with the same level of GNI per capita can end up with different human development outcomes. These contrasts can stimulate debate about government policy priorities. The HDI simplifies and captures only part of what human development entails. It does not reflect on inequalities, poverty, human security, empowerment, etc. The HDRO provides other composite indices as broader proxy on some of the key issues of human development, inequality, gender disparity and poverty. A fuller picture of a country's level of human development requires analysis of other indicators and information presented in the HDR statistical annex.
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Abstract: The quality of live is an interesting and important social topic but to measure the life quality is currently a complicated issue. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is a measure of a country’s economic output that accounts for population. It tells you how prosperous a country feels to each of its citizens. However, it is not a complete measure of economic welfare. The Human development index (HDI) was created with a goal to emphasize that not only economic growth but also people and their abilities could be the key criteria to evaluate the country’s development. The aim of this article is to help establish a correlation analysis of the interdependence between Gross domestic product per capita and The Human development index in Visegrad Group (Countries V4 – Slovak Republic, Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland) and some countries of Balkans (Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia). A correlation coefficient is a number that quantifies a type of correlation and dependence, meaning statistical relationships between two or more values in fundamental statistics. A high value, approaching +1.00, is a strong direct relationship, a low negative value, approaching -1.00, is a strong inverse relationship, and values near 0.00 indicate little if any relationship. Data were obtained from Eurostat and from United Nations Development Programme which prepares reports about human development for the period 2000 - 2015. The results showed some small regional differences. In the most of regions, the correlation was high over 0.9. In Bulgaria and Slovenia, the correlation is lower between 0.8-0.9. The lowest correlation was reached in Croatia 0.71. Despite the different views GDP per capita is an important indicator of economic welfare closely linked with The Human development index. SGEM Research areas:
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 Source: UNEP (2012): The UNEP Environmental Data Explorer, as compiled from World Development Indicators (WDI-The World Bank). United Nations Environment Programme. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total output of goods and services for final use produced by an economy, by both residents and non-residents. It is equal to consumption plus gross capital formation plus exports, fewer imports, and includes subsistence products produced by households for their own use, valued at current local prices for comparable commodities. The GDP is often divided by the population to express the standard of living since it is a rough approximation of the amount of wealth per person (there are issues of wealth distribution that are not well reflected in GDP per capita figures). The World Bank often uses GDP per capita to classify the level of economic development of nations. The wealthiest nations account for the largest markets in the world. The GDP is thus a reasonable approximation of the size of a market, but not necessarily of the standards of living (or quality of life). For instance, China has a much higher GDP than Korea, implying that China is a bigger market, but Korea is a more sophisticated economy with higher standards of living. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure ranging from 0 to 1 that includes life expectancy, education (literacy rate), and standards of living (GDP per capita). It is more representative of the commercial potential with countries with an HDI above 0.8, accounting for the world’s leading markets. This commercial potential and dynamism shape global transactions and flows. The most conventional method of measuring an economy is Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is the total value of all final goods and services produced in a country over a certain period of time. GDP can be measured per capita, which measures total output per person, or it can be used to measure national growth as a percentage over time. However, critics of the GDP measurement argue it is an old-fashioned method of analysis. The idea was developed in between the World Wars by economists who wanted to assess the economic damage of the Great Depression and compare production capacities between nations. However, GDP only measures productive capacity in a nation, not overall well-being. As Robert Kennedy once explained, “[GDP] includes air pollution, cigarette advertising, ambulances, jails, napalm, nuclear warheads and armored cars for the police to fight the riots in our cities… Yet it does not allow for the health of our children, the quality of their education or the joy of their play… it measures everything in short, except that which makes life worthwhile. And it can tell us everything about America except why we are proud to be Americans.”[1] Another example of the inefficiency of the GDP measurement was explained by William Nordhaus, the Sterling Professor of Economics at Yale University. In the 90s, he wanted to investigate how accurately GDP depicts changes in living standard so he sought to measure the “price of light” over the past 200 years. When he calculated according to the one-dimensional analysis used in GDP, he added up the change in the price of materials needed to produce light over time, from candles to light bulbs. On this basis, the price of light went up 3 to 5 times between 1800 and 1992. However, what that system of calculation fails to capture is that each innovation in light production was much more efficient than the previous technology. He then changed his analysis to calculate in terms of cents per lumen-hour and discovered the price of light had actually fallen more than a hundred times over. Over time, economists realized the inefficiencies of GDP and wanted to develop a system of analysis that paints a more accurate picture of an economy’s well-being. Economists who were part of the United Nations Development Programme wanted to create a statistic to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies. These economists thought people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone. So they came up with the human development index, a summary measure that incorporates three key dimensions of human development: health, education, and living standards. Health is determined by life expectancy at birth, which is calculated into the life expectancy index. Education is determined by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling, which is calculated into the education index. And living standard is determined by Gross National Income per capita, which forms the GNI index. These three indexes together are calculated into the Human Development Index. [2] Compared to GDP, the HDI has a greater emphasis on human development. It takes the quality of life into account, not just production capacity of a country. Education and health are considered as important to a country as economic power. GDP is considered a means to human development, but not an end. GNI per capita, which is essentially the average person’s purchasing power, is an important factor in calculating Human Development Index, but just one of several. The Human Development Index paints a more holistic picture of a country than GDP. For example, countries with the same GDPs can have vastly different HDIs. If two countries have similar GDPs but their HDIs are out of sync, it can help policy makers identify the fundamental issues in their countries that need to be addressed, such as education or health. Finally, it more accurately depicts changes in living standard over time. As a drastic example, if from one year to the next every employee in a country’s tobacco and weapons industry suddenly became academics or joined the health industry to treat people, find cures, develop vaccinations, etc. GDP might not improve very much. However, the Human Development Index would change significantly to reflect the evolution in the country’s development. As mentioned earlier, GDP was developed as a statistic so economists could attempt to measure the extent to which the Great Depression hurt economic production and so that countries could estimate their relative power to one another. GDP was never designed to account for technological change or the quality of life in times of peace. Economists agree the GDP calculation is far from perfect but there are not many better alternatives. The Human Development Index is one that takes into account health and education, in addition to GDP. [1] https://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/RFK-Speeches/Remarks-of-Robert-F-Kennedy-at-the-University-of-Kansas-March-18-1968.aspx [2] http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi |
What is the relationship between gross domestic product GDP and the Human Development Index?
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