What is the angle between the OML and the plane of the IR for the Parietoacanthial waters projection group of answer choices?

The occipitomental (OM) or Waters view is an angled PA radiograph of the skull, with the patient gazing slightly upwards.

Índice Show

Soft tissue landmark which is found at the base of the anterior nasal spine
Exit point for the CR during the 15 degrees PA axial (caldwell) projection
which line is perpendicular to the IR during the modified pareitoacanthail (modified waters) projection
Line which is at a 37 degree angle to the IR and table top during the parietoacanthial (waters) projection
Angle of the OML from horizontal for the erect PA Caldwell sinus projection which will remove the need to angel the CR
Paranasal sinuses which are best demonstrated with a PA (Caldwell) projection
Frontal and anterior ethmoid sinuses
Modality that can be performed to rule out sinusitis of the sphenoid sinus
Structure that lies directly superior to the sphenoid sinus
Aspect of the ethmoid bone that contains the ethmoid air cells
The largest of the paranasal sinuses
Sinuses which develop during puberty
Age at which only the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses become distinguishable
Structure which is the exit point for the CR on a properly positioned Waters.
Positioning line which is perpendicular to the IR for the parietoacanthial (Waters) projection
Proper anatomy and location shown for the parietoacanthial (waters) projection
Dense petrous pyramids are projected below the maxillary sinuses
A radiograph of a lateral skull demonstrates that the oribital plates (roof) of the frontal bone are not superimposed. What is the positioning error present on this radiograph?
A radiograph of a SMV projection of the cranium demonstrates that mandibular condyles are projected into the petrous portion (pyramids) of the temporal bone. How must the position be altered during the repeat exposure to correct his error?
Extend the skull further to place the IOML parallel to the IR.
The majority of the hard plate is formed by
The sphenoid sinus lies directly inferor to the
What is the angle between the OML and plane of image receptor with a parietoacanthial (waters method) projection?  This places the _______ positioning line perpendicular to the IR.
The CR is centered to exit at the level of the _________ for a well positioned parietoacanthial projection.
Condition that begins with bony destruction followed by bony repair.
Tangential view may be helpful to determine extent or degree of this fracture.
Destructive lesion with irregular margin.
Bone tumor originiating in the bone marrow.
Fracture evident by sphenoid sinus effusion
How much central ray angle is required for the AP axial projection (towne method) for skull with the IOML perpendicular to the image receptor?
what lies just ant. and med. to the frontal process of the maxilla?
Which two projections of the cranium project the dorsum sellae within the foramen magnum?
Which auditory ossicle attaches to the oval window?
How much central ray angle is required for the AP axial projection (towne method) for skull with the OML perpendicular to the image receptor?
Where is the central ray centered for a lateral projection of the cranium?
Where should the petrous ridges be located (on the image) for a well positioned, 25 degree cephalic PA axial (haas method) projection?
Superior to the mastoid processes and symmetrical
Which middle ear structures is considered to be most lateral?
A radiograph of a lateral projection of the cranium reveals that the greater wings of sphenoid are not superimposed. What type of positioning error is present on this radiograph?
A radiograph of an AP axial projection for the cranium reveals that the dorsum sellae is projected superior to the foramen magnum. What must be modified during the repeat exposure to correct this problem?
Increase CR angle approximate 7 degrees caudad
A radiographh of a 15 degree caudad PA axial projection of the cranium reveals that the petrous ridges are at the level of the supraorbital margin. Without changing the central ray angle, how must the head position be modified during the repeat exposure to produce a more acceptable image?
Increase extension of the skull to place OML perpendicular to the IR
A patient with a possible basilar skull fracture enters the emergency room. They physician wants a projection to demonstrate a possible sphenoid sinus effusion. Which projection of the cranium is best for this situation?
Horizontal beam lateral skull projection with a 15 degree cephalic angel to the OML
A patient comes to the radiology department for a skull series. Because of the size of the patient's shoulders, he is unable to flex his neck sufficiently to place the OML perpendicular to the IR for the AP axial projection. His head cannot be raised because of possible cervical trauma. What other options does the technologist have to obtain an acceptable AP axial projection?
Use the IOML (instead of OML), increase angle and add 7 degrees cuadad for a total of 37 degrees.
A radiograph of an AP axial (Town method) projection for cranium reveals that the posterior arch of C1 and dorsum sellae are superimposed. Both are projected into the foramen magnum. What modificaton is needed to correct this error present on the initial radiograph?
decrease CR angle based on the skull line used OML-30 degrees or IOML --37 degrees
Where are the petrous ridges projected for a properly positioned modified parietoacanthia projection?
lower 1/2 of the maxillary sinuses
The CR should be angled as needed to be parallel to the glabellomeatal line (GML) for the superoinferior tangential projection of the nasal bones. (T/F)
F. GAL should be II to CR
Which positioning line is placed perpendicular to the image receptor for a modified parietoacanthial projection?
Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the nasal bones?
Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the paransal sinuses?
midway between the outer canthius and the EAM
Why should a patient remain in an erect position for at least 5 minutes before sinus radiography?
to allow fluid in sinuses to settle
Which routine projection is best for demonstrating the maxillary sinuses?
Pareitoananthial (waters) projection
Location of the petrous ridges for a properly positioned modified waters (modified parietoacanthial) projection.
Lower half of the maxillary sinuses
Positioning line to which the CR should be adjusted parallel for the superinferior projection for the nasal bones
Age at which all paranasal sinuses are fully developed
Paranasal sinuses which communicate with the nasal cavity
The only paranasal sinuses which are not contained within cranial bones
Best sinus routine for a patient with a possible sphenoid sinus polyp.
Basic-lateral  PA Caldwell,  Parietoacanthial,  SMV Special--PA transoral
Positioning error occurring during a parietoacanthial which shows the petrous ridges just below the maxillary sinuses
No Error shown, petrous ridges should be below the floors of the maxillary sinuses during the waters
Correction to be made during a PA transoral which shows the sphenoid sinus superimposed over the upper teeth and nasal cavity
Increase extension of the head and neck to project the entire sphenoid sinus through the oral cavity
Positioning error shown during an SMV sinus in which the distance between the mandibular condyles and lateral border of the skull is not equal.
A patient with a clinical history of secondary osteomyelitis comes to the radiology department. Which imaging modalities or procedures can be performed to demonstrate the extend of damage to the sinuses.
Routine sinus series or CT if the sinuses can best demonstrate bony erosion.
Positioning line which ensures adequate extension of the head for the SMV projection, when it is placed parallel to the IR
Proper CR centering for a lateral projection of the nasal bones
Positioning line which is placed perpendicular to the IR for a modified parietoacanthial projection?
A superinferior, tangential projection for the nasal bones was taken with the following analog exposure factors: 18x24 cm (8x10), IR crosswise, 85 kv, 13 MAS, 40 inch SID. The resultant radiograph was unsatisfactory because of poor visibility of the nasal bones. Which technical factors should be changed for the repeat exposure?
Reduce kVp to 50 or 60 and increase mAs accordingly
A radiograph of lateral position for sinuses reveals that the greater wings of the sphenoid bone are not superimposed. What specific positioning error is present?
Why should the horizontal CR be used for the erect PA (Caldwell) projection for sinuses rather than the usual 15 degrees caudad angle?
To demonstrate any air/fluid levels w/o distortion
Where is the central ray centered for an SMV projection of the skull?
1.5" inferior to the mandibular symphysis midway between the gonions.
Name of the structure which divides the nasal cavity into compartments and circulates air coming into the nasal cavities
two structures that are better visualized on the modified parietoacanthial (waters) as compared with the basic waters method
orbital rims, orbital floors
CR angle that must be used to project ridges just below the orbital floor with the PA axial (Caldwell) projection
Name of the winus which will be projected through the open mouth with a PA axial transoral projection
Name of the passageway between the maxillary sinuses and middle nasal meatus
what is between the inner and outer tables of the skull, posterior to the glabella?
specific aspect of the ethmoid bone which contains the ethmoid sinuses?
age at which the frontal sinuses usually become aerated
Name of the sinus which can be affected by an infection of the teeth if the infection travels upward
Preferred modality to study soft tissue changes and masses within the sinuses
Modality which can be used to rule out sinusities
Is secondary osteomyelities caused by a tumor?
Projection that best demonstrates the profile image of the nasal bones and nasal septum
Proper location of the petrous ridges for a PA waters projection
directly below maxillary sinuses
Exit point for the CR during the parietoacanthial (waters) projection
Line which is placed perpendicular to the IR for the parietoacanthial (waters) projecton
Positioning error shown during a parietoacanthial (waters) shows that the distance between the MSP and the outer orbital margin is not equal
Correction to be made durng a PA (Caldwell) sinus x-ray when the petrous ridges are projected into the lower half of the orbits, obscuring the ethmoid sinuses
head and neck must be extended more to project the petrous ridges below the ethmod sinuses
Best radiographic routine for an ER patient with possible fracture of the nasal bones with concern of deviation of the bony nasal septum.
PA Waters, and right and left laterals (superinferior only if requsted)
Correction to be made during a superinferior projection of the nasal bones which shows the glabella superimposed over the nasal bones
Decrease flexion of the head and neck or fix CR angle so GAL II to CR
Anatomy best seen with the PA transoral sinus projection
sphenoid sinus in oral cavity
Anatomy best seen with the SMV sinus projection
Inferosuperior view of the sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses
Anatomy best seen with the PA Caldwell sinus projection
Best view of the frontal and ethmoid sinuses
Anatomt best seen with the parietoacanthial (waters) projection of the sinuses
Anatomy best seen with the lateral sinus projection
all four paranasal sinuses
The one major difference in positioning between the PA parietoacanthial (waters) and PA axial transoral projections
The mouth (oral cavity) is open with the PA transoral projection
Sinuses which are projected through the oral cavity with the PA Axial transoral projection
Proper CR exit point for both the PA parietoacanthial (waters) and the PA axial transoral (open mouth waters) projection
Three paranasal sinuses which are demonstrated with an SMV projection of the paranasal sinuses
Sphenoid sinus  Ethmoid sinus  Maxillary sinus
Location of the petrous ridges on a well positioned parietoacanthial projection
just below the maxillary sinuses
Positioning line which is placed perpendicular to the IR for a parietoacanthial (Waters) paranasal sinus projection
Amount of angel of the OML to the IR for the parietoacanthial (waters) projection
Group of paranasal sinuses which is best demonstrated with a pareitoacanthial (waters) projection
Alternate lateral paranasal sinus projection to be taken for a patient who cannot stand
Four most commonly performed basic or routine projections for paranasal sinuses
Lateral  PA Caldwell  Parietoacanthial (waters)  SMV---submentovertex
Location or junction at which a deviated nasal septum is most likely to occur?
between the septal cartilage and the vomer (pushed laterally to one side)
term for average shaped head and approx angle of petrous pyramids
term for short broad shaped head and approx angle of petrous pyramids
brachycephalic, >47º (+/-54º)
term for long narrow shaped head and approx angle of petrous pyramids
skull is made of how many bones
4 cranial bones that primarily make up floor of calvarium?
R/L temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid
junction of eyelids near nose aka
lat junction of 2 eyelids aka
sup. rim of the orbits aka
superior orbital margin (SOM)
infraorbital margin (IOM)
lat portion of the orbital rim aka
midlateral orbital margin
the most ant. part of the calvarium is?
how many bones articulate w the parietal bone?
what 5 bones articulate w the parietal bone?
frontal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and opp. parietal
how many bones articulate w the occipital bone?
what 6 bones articulate w the occipital?
2 parietals, 2 temporals, sphenoid, and atlas
how many bones articulate w the temporal bone?
what 3 bones articulate w the temporal bone?
parietal, occipital and sphenoid
how many bones does the sphenoid articulate w?
all other 7 cranial bones
how many cranial bones are there?
skull cap (frontal, R/L parietal, occipital)
cranial bones are divided into?
calvarium/skullcap and cranial floor
what bones make up the cranial floor?
R/L temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid
how many bones does the ethmoid articulate w?
which 2 bones does the ethmoid articulate w?
which small section of bone is located sup. to cribriform plate?
shallow depression just post. to the base of the dorsum sellae and ant. to the foramen magnum is the
what is the name of the cranial suture formed by the inf. junction of the parietals to the temporal bones?
pterygoid hamulus is located on which bone?
ant. clinoid process is located on which bone?
glabella is located on which bone?
foramen ovale is located on which bone?
perpendicular plate is located on which bone?
sup. nasal conchae is located on which bone?
foramen magnum is located on which bone?
cribriform plate is located on which bone?
zygomatic processes are located on which bone?
lat. condylar portions are located on which bone?
superciliary arch is located on which bone?
EAM is located on which bone?
inion is located on which bone?
sella turcica is located on which bone?
petrous ridge is located on which bone?
petrous ridge corresponds to the level of which important external landmark
TEA (top of ear attachment)
(lat skull) tilt is evident by ____ & ____ separation of symmetric horizontal structures such as _________ & ____________ of sphenoid
sup. & inf.; orbital roofs/plates & greater wings of sphenoid
(lat skull) rotation is evident by ____ & ____ separation of symmetrical vertical bilat structures such as ____, mandibular rami, and ______ of sphenoid
ant. & post.; EAM, greater wings of sphenoid
(PA Caldwell) no rotation is assessed by equal distance of what?
equal distance from the midlat orbital margins to the lat cortex of cranium
(PA Caldwell) if the distance btw the R lat orbit and lat cranial cortex is greater than the L side, what has occurred?
face rotated toward L side
supraorbital groove (SOG) important bc it corresponds to the highest level of the facial bone mass, which is also the level of the?
floor of the ant. fossa of the cranial vault
the post. extension of the ____ approximates the location of the inion
slanting of MSP laterally is called what?
(AP Towne) dorsum sellae projected sup. to foramen magnum indicates?
underangulation of CR or insufficient neck flexion/extension
(AP Towne) superimposition of post. arch of C1 over the dorsum sellae w/in the foramen magnum, foreshortening the dorsum sellae, indicates?
overangulation of CR or excessive flexion
(AP Towne) shifting of the ant./post. clinoid processes laterally w/in the foramen magnum indicates?
what position of skull does NOT show tilt w the MSP perpendicular to the IR?
(SMV) if distance on the L side btw the mandibular ramus and lat cranium is greater on the L than R, then the cranial vertex is what?

It can be used to assess for facial fractures, as well as for acute sinusitis. In general, radiographs of the skull and facial bones are rapidly becoming obsolete, being replaced by much more sensitive CT scans.

the patient is erect facing the upright detector
the chin is raised until the mento-mandibular line (MML) is perpendicular to the receptor (OML will be 37° from receptor)
ensure patient's head is straight

posteroanterior projection
centering point
- the beam is exiting at the acanthion
collimation
- superior to the skin margins
- inferior to include the most inferior aspects of the skull
- lateral to include the skin margin
orientation
detector size
exposure
SID
grid
- yes (this can vary departmentally)

the petrous ridge should be inferior to the maxillary sinuses
assess for rotation via the assessments of the coronoid process symmetry
generally, the base of the mandible and the occiput will be superimposed

learn your skull positioning lines, it makes for reading position guides a lot easier
guarantee that the patient is not 'hunched' over when they are being examined. This can cause an artifact from the shoulders and the patient is more likely to be rotated; it is best to move the chair up close to the detector so they are sitting up straight for the image
use a side marker and regularly place in PA. Skulls can get tricky with figuring out which side is which. Many vendors tend to 'flip' images to make them appear AP

History and etymology

This view was first described by Charles A. Waters and C. W. Waldron, American radiologists in 1915 3.

1. Berry. Diagnostic Radiology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. ISBN:8180616363. Read it at Google Books - Find it at Amazon
2. John Lampignano, Leslie E. Kendrick. Bontrager's Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy. (2017) ISBN: 9780323399661
3. Waters CA, Waldron CW. Roentgenology of the accessory nasal sinuses describing a modification of the occipito-frontal position. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1915 Feb;2:633-39.

Soft tissue landmark which is found at the base of the anterior nasal spine

Exit point for the CR during the 15 degrees PA axial (caldwell) projection

which line is perpendicular to the IR during the modified pareitoacanthail (modified waters) projection

Line which is at a 37 degree angle to the IR and table top during the parietoacanthial (waters) projection

Angle of the OML from horizontal for the erect PA Caldwell sinus projection which will remove the need to angel the CR

Paranasal sinuses which are best demonstrated with a PA (Caldwell) projection

Frontal and anterior ethmoid sinuses

Modality that can be performed to rule out sinusitis of the sphenoid sinus

Structure that lies directly superior to the sphenoid sinus

Aspect of the ethmoid bone that contains the ethmoid air cells

The largest of the paranasal sinuses

Sinuses which develop during puberty

Age at which only the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses become distinguishable

Structure which is the exit point for the CR on a properly positioned Waters.

Positioning line which is perpendicular to the IR for the parietoacanthial (Waters) projection

Proper anatomy and location shown for the parietoacanthial (waters) projection

Dense petrous pyramids are projected below the maxillary sinuses

A radiograph of a lateral skull demonstrates that the oribital plates (roof) of the frontal bone are not superimposed. What is the positioning error present on this radiograph?

A radiograph of a SMV projection of the cranium demonstrates that mandibular condyles are projected into the petrous portion (pyramids) of the temporal bone. How must the position be altered during the repeat exposure to correct his error?

Extend the skull further to place the IOML parallel to the IR.

The majority of the hard plate is formed by

The sphenoid sinus lies directly inferor to the

What is the angle between the OML and plane of image receptor with a parietoacanthial (waters method) projection?  This places the _______ positioning line perpendicular to the IR.

The CR is centered to exit at the level of the _________ for a well positioned parietoacanthial projection.

Condition that begins with bony destruction followed by bony repair.

Tangential view may be helpful to determine extent or degree of this fracture.

Destructive lesion with irregular margin.

Bone tumor originiating in the bone marrow.

Fracture evident by sphenoid sinus effusion

How much central ray angle is required for the AP axial projection (towne method) for skull with the IOML perpendicular to the image receptor?

what lies just ant. and med. to the frontal process of the maxilla?

Which two projections of the cranium project the dorsum sellae within the foramen magnum?

Which auditory ossicle attaches to the oval window?

How much central ray angle is required for the AP axial projection (towne method) for skull with the OML perpendicular to the image receptor?

Where is the central ray centered for a lateral projection of the cranium?

Where should the petrous ridges be located (on the image) for a well positioned, 25 degree cephalic PA axial (haas method) projection?

Superior to the mastoid processes and symmetrical

Which middle ear structures is considered to be most lateral?

A radiograph of a lateral projection of the cranium reveals that the greater wings of sphenoid are not superimposed. What type of positioning error is present on this radiograph?

A radiograph of an AP axial projection for the cranium reveals that the dorsum sellae is projected superior to the foramen magnum. What must be modified during the repeat exposure to correct this problem?

Increase CR angle approximate 7 degrees caudad

A radiographh of a 15 degree caudad PA axial projection of the cranium reveals that the petrous ridges are at the level of the supraorbital margin. Without changing the central ray angle, how must the head position be modified during the repeat exposure to produce a more acceptable image?

Increase extension of the skull to place OML perpendicular to the IR

A patient with a possible basilar skull fracture enters the emergency room. They physician wants a projection to demonstrate a possible sphenoid sinus effusion. Which projection of the cranium is best for this situation?

Horizontal beam lateral skull projection with a 15 degree cephalic angel to the OML

A patient comes to the radiology department for a skull series. Because of the size of the patient's shoulders, he is unable to flex his neck sufficiently to place the OML perpendicular to the IR for the AP axial projection. His head cannot be raised because of possible cervical trauma. What other options does the technologist have to obtain an acceptable AP axial projection?

Use the IOML (instead of OML), increase angle and add 7 degrees cuadad for a total of 37 degrees.

A radiograph of an AP axial (Town method) projection for cranium reveals that the posterior arch of C1 and dorsum sellae are superimposed. Both are projected into the foramen magnum. What modificaton is needed to correct this error present on the initial radiograph?

decrease CR angle based on the skull line used OML-30 degrees or IOML --37 degrees

Where are the petrous ridges projected for a properly positioned modified parietoacanthia projection?

lower 1/2 of the maxillary sinuses

The CR should be angled as needed to be parallel to the glabellomeatal line (GML) for the superoinferior tangential projection of the nasal bones. (T/F)

F. GAL should be II to CR

Which positioning line is placed perpendicular to the image receptor for a modified parietoacanthial projection?

Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the nasal bones?

Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the paransal sinuses?

midway between the outer canthius and the EAM

Why should a patient remain in an erect position for at least 5 minutes before sinus radiography?

to allow fluid in sinuses to settle

Which routine projection is best for demonstrating the maxillary sinuses?

Pareitoananthial (waters) projection

Location of the petrous ridges for a properly positioned modified waters (modified parietoacanthial) projection.

Lower half of the maxillary sinuses

Positioning line to which the CR should be adjusted parallel for the superinferior projection for the nasal bones

Age at which all paranasal sinuses are fully developed

Paranasal sinuses which communicate with the nasal cavity

The only paranasal sinuses which are not contained within cranial bones

Best sinus routine for a patient with a possible sphenoid sinus polyp.

Basic-lateral  PA Caldwell,  Parietoacanthial,  SMV Special--PA transoral

Positioning error occurring during a parietoacanthial which shows the petrous ridges just below the maxillary sinuses

No Error shown, petrous ridges should be below the floors of the maxillary sinuses during the waters

Correction to be made during a PA transoral which shows the sphenoid sinus superimposed over the upper teeth and nasal cavity

Increase extension of the head and neck to project the entire sphenoid sinus through the oral cavity

Positioning error shown during an SMV sinus in which the distance between the mandibular condyles and lateral border of the skull is not equal.

A patient with a clinical history of secondary osteomyelitis comes to the radiology department. Which imaging modalities or procedures can be performed to demonstrate the extend of damage to the sinuses.

Routine sinus series or CT if the sinuses can best demonstrate bony erosion.

Positioning line which ensures adequate extension of the head for the SMV projection, when it is placed parallel to the IR

Proper CR centering for a lateral projection of the nasal bones

Positioning line which is placed perpendicular to the IR for a modified parietoacanthial projection?

A superinferior, tangential projection for the nasal bones was taken with the following analog exposure factors: 18x24 cm (8x10), IR crosswise, 85 kv, 13 MAS, 40 inch SID. The resultant radiograph was unsatisfactory because of poor visibility of the nasal bones. Which technical factors should be changed for the repeat exposure?

Reduce kVp to 50 or 60 and increase mAs accordingly

A radiograph of lateral position for sinuses reveals that the greater wings of the sphenoid bone are not superimposed. What specific positioning error is present?

Why should the horizontal CR be used for the erect PA (Caldwell) projection for sinuses rather than the usual 15 degrees caudad angle?

To demonstrate any air/fluid levels w/o distortion

Where is the central ray centered for an SMV projection of the skull?

1.5" inferior to the mandibular symphysis midway between the gonions.

Name of the structure which divides the nasal cavity into compartments and circulates air coming into the nasal cavities

two structures that are better visualized on the modified parietoacanthial (waters) as compared with the basic waters method

orbital rims, orbital floors

CR angle that must be used to project ridges just below the orbital floor with the PA axial (Caldwell) projection

Name of the winus which will be projected through the open mouth with a PA axial transoral projection

Name of the passageway between the maxillary sinuses and middle nasal meatus

what is between the inner and outer tables of the skull, posterior to the glabella?

specific aspect of the ethmoid bone which contains the ethmoid sinuses?

age at which the frontal sinuses usually become aerated

Name of the sinus which can be affected by an infection of the teeth if the infection travels upward

Preferred modality to study soft tissue changes and masses within the sinuses

Modality which can be used to rule out sinusities

Is secondary osteomyelities caused by a tumor?

Projection that best demonstrates the profile image of the nasal bones and nasal septum

Proper location of the petrous ridges for a PA waters projection

directly below maxillary sinuses

Exit point for the CR during the parietoacanthial (waters) projection

Line which is placed perpendicular to the IR for the parietoacanthial (waters) projecton

Positioning error shown during a parietoacanthial (waters) shows that the distance between the MSP and the outer orbital margin is not equal

Correction to be made durng a PA (Caldwell) sinus x-ray when the petrous ridges are projected into the lower half of the orbits, obscuring the ethmoid sinuses

head and neck must be extended more to project the petrous ridges below the ethmod sinuses

Best radiographic routine for an ER patient with possible fracture of the nasal bones with concern of deviation of the bony nasal septum.

PA Waters, and right and left laterals (superinferior only if requsted)

Correction to be made during a superinferior projection of the nasal bones which shows the glabella superimposed over the nasal bones

Decrease flexion of the head and neck or fix CR angle so GAL II to CR

Anatomy best seen with the PA transoral sinus projection

sphenoid sinus in oral cavity

Anatomy best seen with the SMV sinus projection

Inferosuperior view of the sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses

Anatomy best seen with the PA Caldwell sinus projection

Best view of the frontal and ethmoid sinuses

Anatomt best seen with the parietoacanthial (waters) projection of the sinuses

Anatomy best seen with the lateral sinus projection

all four paranasal sinuses

The one major difference in positioning between the PA parietoacanthial (waters) and PA axial transoral projections

The mouth (oral cavity) is open with the PA transoral projection

Sinuses which are projected through the oral cavity with the PA Axial transoral projection

Proper CR exit point for both the PA parietoacanthial (waters) and the PA axial transoral (open mouth waters) projection

Three paranasal sinuses which are demonstrated with an SMV projection of the paranasal sinuses

Sphenoid sinus  Ethmoid sinus  Maxillary sinus

Location of the petrous ridges on a well positioned parietoacanthial projection

just below the maxillary sinuses

Positioning line which is placed perpendicular to the IR for a parietoacanthial (Waters) paranasal sinus projection

Amount of angel of the OML to the IR for the parietoacanthial (waters) projection

Group of paranasal sinuses which is best demonstrated with a pareitoacanthial (waters) projection

Alternate lateral paranasal sinus projection to be taken for a patient who cannot stand

Four most commonly performed basic or routine projections for paranasal sinuses

Lateral  PA Caldwell  Parietoacanthial (waters)  SMV---submentovertex

Location or junction at which a deviated nasal septum is most likely to occur?

between the septal cartilage and the vomer (pushed laterally to one side)

term for average shaped head and approx angle of petrous pyramids

term for short broad shaped head and approx angle of petrous pyramids

brachycephalic, >47º (+/-54º)

term for long narrow shaped head and approx angle of petrous pyramids

skull is made of how many bones

4 cranial bones that primarily make up floor of calvarium?

R/L temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid

junction of eyelids near nose aka

lat junction of 2 eyelids aka

sup. rim of the orbits aka

superior orbital margin (SOM)

infraorbital margin (IOM)

lat portion of the orbital rim aka

midlateral orbital margin

the most ant. part of the calvarium is?

how many bones articulate w the parietal bone?

what 5 bones articulate w the parietal bone?

frontal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and opp. parietal

how many bones articulate w the occipital bone?

what 6 bones articulate w the occipital?

2 parietals, 2 temporals, sphenoid, and atlas

how many bones articulate w the temporal bone?

what 3 bones articulate w the temporal bone?

parietal, occipital and sphenoid

how many bones does the sphenoid articulate w?

all other 7 cranial bones

how many cranial bones are there?

skull cap (frontal, R/L parietal, occipital)

cranial bones are divided into?

calvarium/skullcap and cranial floor

what bones make up the cranial floor?

R/L temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid

how many bones does the ethmoid articulate w?

which 2 bones does the ethmoid articulate w?

which small section of bone is located sup. to cribriform plate?

shallow depression just post. to the base of the dorsum sellae and ant. to the foramen magnum is the

what is the name of the cranial suture formed by the inf. junction of the parietals to the temporal bones?

pterygoid hamulus is located on which bone?

ant. clinoid process is located on which bone?

glabella is located on which bone?

foramen ovale is located on which bone?

perpendicular plate is located on which bone?

sup. nasal conchae is located on which bone?

foramen magnum is located on which bone?

cribriform plate is located on which bone?

zygomatic processes are located on which bone?

lat. condylar portions are located on which bone?

superciliary arch is located on which bone?

EAM is located on which bone?

inion is located on which bone?

sella turcica is located on which bone?

petrous ridge is located on which bone?

petrous ridge corresponds to the level of which important external landmark

TEA (top of ear attachment)

(lat skull) tilt is evident by & separation of symmetric horizontal structures such as _ & ________ of sphenoid

sup. & inf.; orbital roofs/plates & greater wings of sphenoid

(lat skull) rotation is evident by & separation of symmetrical vertical bilat structures such as , mandibular rami, and __ of sphenoid

ant. & post.; EAM, greater wings of sphenoid

(PA Caldwell) no rotation is assessed by equal distance of what?

equal distance from the midlat orbital margins to the lat cortex of cranium

(PA Caldwell) if the distance btw the R lat orbit and lat cranial cortex is greater than the L side, what has occurred?

face rotated toward L side

supraorbital groove (SOG) important bc it corresponds to the highest level of the facial bone mass, which is also the level of the?

floor of the ant. fossa of the cranial vault

the post. extension of the ____ approximates the location of the inion

slanting of MSP laterally is called what?

(AP Towne) dorsum sellae projected sup. to foramen magnum indicates?

underangulation of CR or insufficient neck flexion/extension

(AP Towne) superimposition of post. arch of C1 over the dorsum sellae w/in the foramen magnum, foreshortening the dorsum sellae, indicates?

overangulation of CR or excessive flexion

(AP Towne) shifting of the ant./post. clinoid processes laterally w/in the foramen magnum indicates?

what position of skull does NOT show tilt w the MSP perpendicular to the IR?

(SMV) if distance on the L side btw the mandibular ramus and lat cranium is greater on the L than R, then the cranial vertex is what?

Q&A What