What are the non-physical benefits of physical activity?

1. Dishman RK, Washburn RA, Heath GW: Physical Activity Epidemiology. 2004, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics

   Google Scholar 

2. Schuit J: Physical activity, body composition and healthy ageing. Sci & Sports. 2006, 21: 209-213. 10.1016/j.scispo.2006.06.004.

   Article  Google Scholar 

3. Raebel MA, Malone DC, Conner DA, Xu S, Porter JA, Lanty FA: Health services use and health care costs of obese and nonobese individuals. Arch Intern Med. 2004, 164: 2135-3140. 10.1001/archinte.164.19.2135.

   Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

4. Chan R, Woo J: Prevention of overweight and obesity: how effective is the current public health approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010, 7: 765-783. 10.3390/ijerph7030765.

   Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

5. Booth FW, Chakravarthy MV: Cost and Consequences of Sedentary Living: New Battleground for an Old Enemy. 2002, Washington DC: President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports

   Google Scholar 

6. Chai W, Nigg CR, Pagano IS, Motl RW, Horwath C, Dishman RK: Associations of quality of life with physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, and physical inactivity in a free living, multiethnic population in Hawaii: a longitudinal study. The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity. 2010, 7: 83-10.1186/1479-5868-7-83.

   Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

7. World Health Organization: Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. World Health Organisation. 2011, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press

   Google Scholar 

8. World Health Organization: Global Health Risks - Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. 2009, World Health Organization, //www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf,

   Google Scholar 

9. Astrup A, Dyerberg J, Selleck M, Stender S: Nutrition transition and its relationship to the development of obesity and related chronic diseases. Obes Rev. 2008, 9: 48-52. 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00438.x.

   Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

10. Rehm J, Mathers C, Popova S, Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Patra J: Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet. 2009, 373: 2223-2233. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60746-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

11. Ambrose JA, Barua RS: The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004, 43: 1731-1737. 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.047.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

12. Bijnen FCH, Caspersen CJ, Mosterd WL: Physical inactivity as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a WHO and international society and federation of cardiology position statement. Bull World Health Organ. 1994, 72: 1-4.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

13. de Berrington Gonzaley A, Hartge P, Cerhan JR: Body mass index and mortality among 1.43 million white adults. N Engl J Med. 2010, 363: 2211-10.1056/NEJMoa1000367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

14. Vogel T, Brechat P-H, Leprâtre P-M, Kaltenbach G, Berthel M, Lonsdorfer J: Health benefits of physical activity in older patients: a review. The Int J od Clin Pract. 2009, 63: 303-320. 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01957.x.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

15. Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS: Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ. 2006, 174: 801-809.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

16. Di Pietro L, Dziura J, Blair SN: Estimated change in physical activity level (PAL) and prediction of 5-year weight change in men: the aerobics center longitudinal study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004, 28: 1541-1547. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802821.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

17. Gordon-Larsen P, Hou N, Sidney S, Sternfeld B, Lewis CE, Jacobs DR, Popkin BM: Fifteen-year longitudinal trends in walking patterns and their impact on weight change. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009, 89: 16-26.

    Google Scholar 

18. Hankinson AL, Daviglus ML, Bouchard C, Carnethon M, Lewis CE, Schreiner PJ, Liu K, Sidney S: Maintaining a high physical activity level over 20 years and weight gain. J Am Med Assoc. 2010, 304: 2603-2610. 10.1001/jama.2010.1843.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

19. Petersen L, Schnohr P, Sorensen TI: Longitudinal study of the long-term relation between physical activity and obesity in adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004, 28: 105-112. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802548.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

20. Lee I-M, Paffenbarger RS: Physical activity and stroke incidence - the Harvard alumni health study. Stroke. 1998, 29: 2049-2054. 10.1161/01.STR.29.10.2049.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

21. Sesso H, Paffenbarger RS, Lee I-M: Physical activity and coronary heart disease in men - the Harvard alumni health study. Circulation. 2000, 102: 975-980. 10.1161/01.CIR.102.9.975.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

22. Donahue R, Abbott R, Reed D, Katshuiko Y: Physical activity and coronary heart diseases in middle-aged and elderly men: the Honolulu heart program. J Public Health. 1988, 78: 683-685. 10.2105/AJPH.78.6.683.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

23. Rodriguez BL, Curb JD, Burchfield CM, Abbott RD, Petrovich H, Masaki K, Chiu D: Physical activity and 23 year incidence of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality among middle-aged men - the Honolulu heart program. Circulation. 1994, 89: 2540-2544. 10.1161/01.CIR.89.6.2540.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

24. Kaplan GA, Strawbridge WJ, Cohen RD, Hungerford LR: Natural history of leisure-time physical activity and its correlates: associations with mortality from all-causes and cardiovascular disease over 28 years. Am J Epidemiol. 1996, 144: 793-797. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009003.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

25. Gillum RF, Mussolino ME, Ingram DD: Physical activity and stroke incidence in women and men - the NHANES I epidemic follow up study. Am J Epidemiol. 1996, 143: 860-869. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008829.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

26. Li TY, Rana JS, Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rexrode KM, Hu FB: Obesity as compared with physical activity in predicting risk of coronary heart disease in women. Circulation. 2006, 113: 499-506. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.574087.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

27. Hu FB, Sigal R, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Solomon CG, Wilett WC, Speizer FE, MJ E: Walking compared with vigorous physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in women - a prospecttive study. J Am Med Assoc. 1999, 282: 1433-1439. 10.1001/jama.282.15.1433.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

28. Berenzen T, Petersen L, Pedersen O, Black E, Astrup A, Sorensen TI: Long-term effects of leisure time physical activity on risk of insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance, allowing for body weight history, in Danish men. Diabet Med. 2007, 26: 63-72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

29. Demakakos P, Hamer M, Stamatakis E, Steptoe A: Low-intensity physical activity is associated with reduced risk of incident type 2 diabetes in older adults: evidence from the English longitudinal study of ageing. Diabetologia. 2010, 53: 1877-1885. 10.1007/s00125-010-1785-x.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

30. Katzmarzyk PT, Craig CL, Gauvin L: Adiposity, physical fitness and incident diabetes: the physical activity longitudinal study. Diabetologia. 2007, 50: 538-544. 10.1007/s00125-006-0554-3.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

31. Mozzafarian D, Kamineni A, Carnethon M, Djousse L, Mukamal K, Siscovick D: Lifestyle risk factors and new-onset diabetes mellitus in older adults. Arch Intern Med. 2009, 169: 798-807. 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

32. Abbott RD, White LR, Ross GW, Masaki K, Curb JD, Petrovich H: Walking and dementia in physically capable elderly men. J Am Med Assoc. 2004, 292: 1447-1453. 10.1001/jama.292.12.1447.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

33. Larson EB, Wang L, Bowen JD, McCormick WC, Teri L, Crane P, Kukull W: Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older. Ann Intern Med. 2006, 144: 73-81. 10.7326/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

34. Rovio S, Kåreholt I, Helkala E-L, Viitanen M, Winblad B, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Nissinen A, Kivipelto M: Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. The Lancet Neurology. 2005, 4: 705-711. 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70198-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

35. Laurin D, Verreault R, Linday J, MacPerson K, Rockwood K: Physical Activity and Risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in Elderly Persons. Arch Neurol. 2001, 58: 498-504. 10.1001/archneur.58.3.498.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

36. Chang M, Jonsson PV, Snaedal J, Bjornsson S, Saczynski JS, Aspelund T, Eriksdottir G, Jonsdottir MK, Lopez OJ, Harris TB, et al: The Effect of midlife physical activity on cognitive function among older adults: AGES - Reykjavik Study. J Gerontol. 2010, 65: 1369-1374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

37. Podewils LJ, Guallar E, Kuller LH, Fried LP, Lopez OJ, Carlson M, Lyketsos CG: Physical activity, APOE genotype and dementia risk: findings from the cardiovascular health cognition study. Am J Epidemiol. 2005, 161: 639-651. 10.1093/aje/kwi092.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

38. Sherman S, D’Agostino R, Cobb J: Does exercise reduce mortality rates in the elderly? experience from the Framingham heart study. Am Heart Study. 1997, 128: 962-972.

    Google Scholar 

39. Kannel W, Sorley P: Some health benefits of physical activity. Arch Intern Med. 1979, 112: 820-825.

    Google Scholar 

40. Kannel W, Belange A, D’Agostino R, Israel I: Physical activity and physical demand on the job and risk of cardiovascular diseases and death: the Framingham study. Am Heart Study. 1986, 112: 820-825. 10.1016/0002-8703(86)90480-1.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

41. Must A, Jaques PF, Dallai GE, Bajema CJ, Dietz WH: Long-term morbidity and mortality of overweight adolescents — a follow-up of the Harvard growth study of 1922 to 1935. N Engl J Med. 1992, 327: 1350-1355. 10.1056/NEJM199211053271904.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

42. Juonala M, Järvisalo MJ, Mäki-Torkko N, Kähönen M, Viikari JSA, Raitakari OT: Risk factors identified in childhood and decreased carotid artery elasticity in adulthood - the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Circulation. 2005, 112: 1486-1493. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.502161.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

43. Sui X, Lamonte MJ, Ladika JN, Hardin JW, Chase N, Hooker SP, Blair SN: Cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity as mortality predictors in older adults. J Am Med Assoc. 2007, 298: 2507-2516. 10.1001/jama.298.21.2507.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

44. Adams SA, Matthews CE, Ebbeling CB, Moore CG, Cunningham JE, Fulton J, Herbert JR: The effect of social desirability and social approval on self-reports of physical activity. Am J Epidemiol. 2005, 161: 389-398. 10.1093/aje/kwi054.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

45. Klein T, Becker S: Is there really a reduction in physical activity in the life-span? an analysis of age-and cohort-related differences in physical activity. Z Soziol. 2008, 37: 226-245.

    Google Scholar 

46. Klaperski S, Seelig H, Fuchs R: Physical activity as a stress buffer. Z Sportpsychol. 2012, 19: 80-90. 10.1026/1612-5010/a000061.

    Article  Google Scholar 

47. Drygas W, Kostka T, Jegier A, Kuński H: Long-term effects of different physical activity levels on coronary heart disease risk factors in middle-aged men. Int J Sports Med. 2000, 21: 235-241. 10.1055/s-2000-309.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/813/prepub

Page 2

Selection criteria and number of excluded and included papers/studies.