The Presidential advisory body who usually are the heads of the executive departments is called the

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The United States Cabinet was established by Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution.  It is usually referred as the ‘President’s Cabinet’ or just the ‘Cabinet.’  The Cabinet is an advisory body and its role is to advise the President on any subject that he may require.  The Cabinet consists of the Vice President and the heads of 15 executive departments.  These departs are the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Labor, State, Transportation, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs, along with the Attorney General. 

Members of the Cabinet are nominated by the President and appointed upon confirmation by the Senate with a simple majority.  All members of the Cabinet, except the head of the Justice Department are known by the title ‘Secretary.’  The head of the Justice Department is known as the ‘Attorney General.’   

In addition to running major federal agencies, the Cabinet plays an important role in the Presidential line of succession.  After the Vice President comes the Speaker of the House and Senate President pro tempore, and then the line of succession continues with the Cabinet offices in the order in which the Departments were created.

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* Note: this is not a comprehensive list of department publications.  Check the U.S. Government Publications Catalog for more publications.

Department of Agriculture

• Census of Agriculture (1840-Current) "Conducted every five years, the Census provides a detailed picture of U.S. farms and ranches and the people who operate them" from the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS)
• Agriculture Annual (1994-Current) includes "
• State Fact Sheets (includes some historical data) provide information on population, income, education, employment, federal funds, organic agriculture, farm characteristics, farm financial indicators, top commodities, and exports, for each State from the Economic Research Service (ERS).

Department of Commerce (see Census tab)

Department of Defense view a list of current publications and archived publications.

Department of  Energy search publications by subject, keyword or date range.

Department of Education

• Condition of Education an annual "report that presents indicators of important developments and trends in U.S. education, including participation and persistence in education, student performance and other measures of achievement, the environment for learning, and resources for education."
  
  
• Digest of Education Statistics provides a "compilation of statistical information covering the broad field of American education from prekindergarten through graduate school."

Department of Health and Human Services 

• Health, United States (1975- Current) from the CDC's National Center for Health Statistics, with more than 150 detailed tables and charts on health status and its determinants (birth and death rates, infant mortality, life expectancy, morbidity and health status), health care resources, health care utilization, and health insurance and expenditures (national and state).  1975-2007 in print MH Stacks, Call Number: RA407.3 .U57a

Department of Homeland Security

• Yearbook of Immigration Statistics (2004-2010) "compendium of tables that provides data on foreign nationals who, during a fiscal year, were granted lawful permanent residence, were admitted into the United States on a temporary basis, applied for asylum or refugee status, or were naturalized. The Yearbook also presents data on immigration law enforcement actions, including alien apprehensions, removals, and prosecutions."

Department of Housing and Urban Development  publications available through HUD USER on such topics as housing market characteristics, fair housing and regional economic data.

Department of the Interior search by individual agency (full list) includes Fish & Wildlife, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Geological Survey, and more.

Department of Justice  

• Crime in the United States (1995 - Current) produced from data provided by nearly 17,000 law enforcement agencies across the United States.

Department of Labor  

• Occupational Outlook Handbook: "for hundreds of jobs, the OOH, gives the training and educational requirements, earings, expected job prospects, what workers do on the job, and working conditions."
  

Department of State

Department of the Treasury 

Department of  Transportation search by individual agency (full list) for information on aviation, motor vehicles, railroads, ships, etc.

Department of Veterans Affairs find publications for veterans and data & statistics through the National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics (NCVAS).

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Congressional bills are legislative proposals from the House of Representatives and Senate within the United States Congress. There are six different types of bills.

Definitions of Types of Legislation

Bills

Bills from each house are assigned a number in the order in which they are introduced, starting at the beginning of each Congress (first and second sessions). Public bills pertain to matters that affect the general public or classes of citizens, while private bills pertain to individual matters that affect individuals and organizations, such as claims against the Government.  House bills (H.R.) and Senate bills (S.) require the approval of both chambers (ie House and Senate) and the signature of the President to become law.

Joint Resolutions

A joint resolution is a legislative proposal that requires the approval of both houses and the signature of the President, just as a bill does. Resolutions from each house are assigned a number in the order in which they are introduced, starting at the beginning of each Congress (first and second sessions). There is no real difference between a bill and a joint resolution. Joint resolutions generally are used for limited matters, such as a single appropriation for a specific purpose. They are also used to propose amendments to the Constitution. A joint resolution has the force of law, if approved. Joint resolutions become a part of the Constitution when three-quarters of the states have ratified them; they do not require the President's signature.

Concurrent Resolutions

A concurrent resolution is a legislative proposal that requires the approval of both houses but does not require the signature of the President and does not have the force of law. Concurrent resolutions generally are used to make or amend rules that apply to both houses. They are also used to express the sentiments of both of the houses. For example, a concurrent resolution is used to set the time of Congress' adjournment. It may also be used by Congress to convey congratulations to another country on the anniversary of its independence.

Simple Resolutions

A simple resolution is a legislative proposal that addresses matters entirely within the prerogative of one house or the other. It requires neither the approval of the other house nor the signature of the President, and it does not have the force of law. Most simple resolutions concern the rules of one house. They are also used to express the sentiments of a single house. For example, a simple resolution may offer condolences to the family of a deceased member of Congress, or it may give "advice" on foreign policy or other executive business.

(Source: U.S. Government Printing Office)