Counselors apply multidimensional models most explicitly in their work with clients when they

A landmark publication, The Handbook of Counseling defines the field of counselling - how it has developed, the current state of the discipline and profession, and where this dynamic field is going. Edited and with chapters contributed by the leaders in counselling education and research, including several past-presidents of the American Counselling Association, this Handbook is comprehensive in its scope.

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How is meaning constructed? How do our constructions influence the ways in which we experience, understand, and participate in our world? Can we use these conceptualizations to inform counseling? These are fundamental questions postmodern theorists, practitioners, and researchers are attempting to answer. Approaches emerging from their work represent an important alternative to modern counseling practice. That is, whereas modernistic assumptions purport a single, consistent, and recognizable reality that exists independent of the knower, postmodern perspectives suggest the existence of multiple realities derived from interactions between the knower and the environment that are mediated by individual, social, cultural, and temporal factors. Accordingly, whereas traditional approaches view clients and client systems as nonadaptive reactors to a known environment and ...

QUESTION 11.Counselors apply multidimensional models most explicitly in their work with clientswhen theypay close attention to the stage of development that characterizes the client.recognize the primary importance of genetic influences on behavior.consider levels of influence on the individual and select interventions that aretargeted to more than one level.understand that client’s developmental tasks must be met in each stage ofdevelopment.2 pointsQUESTION 21.Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard toPiaget’s theory?Piaget believed in the dynamic quality of stages and understood that children inthe same stage could vary greatly in their specific understanding of causality,morality, and so forth.Piaget believed that children could vary in their understanding of morality butthat their understanding of causality was the same for all children within aparticular stage.Piaget believed that children’s progress through the stages could vary. Forexample, very intelligent children could skip a stage.Piaget firmly believed that children who were at a particular stage of cognitivedevelopment had the same level of understanding in all areas, such asunderstanding causality, morality, agency, etc.2 pointsQUESTION 31.In Bronfenbrenner’s model, proximal processes refer toreciprocal interactions between an organism and its immediate environment.independent changes in mental processes.favorable developmental conditions that are more likely to exist in one particularstage of development than in another.indirect influences on an organism.2 pointsQUESTION 41.Vygotsky believed that egocentric or private speech (talking aloud to one’s self)played an important role in cognitive development byrevealing children’s idiosyncratic thinking.