Romanticism or the Romantic movement was a concept that encompassed different art mediums from music to painting to literature. In music, Romanticism contributed to a status shift in the role of the composer. While composers were merely a servant of the wealthy before, the Romantic movement saw composers become artists in their own right. The Romantics believed in allowing their imagination and passion to soar spontaneously and interpret it through their works. This was different from the preceding Classical music period, which held the belief of logical order and clarity. During the 19th-century, Vienna and Paris were the centers of musical activity for Classical, then Romantic, music. Here is an easy-to-digest introduction to the Early Romantic Period, from its music forms to famous composers of the time. There were 2 major music forms in composition during the Early Romantic Period: program music and character pieces. Program music involves instrumental music which relays ideas or narrates an entire story. Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony is an example of this. On the other hand, character pieces are short pieces for the piano that depicts a single emotion, often in ABA form. Like during the Classical period, the piano was still the main instrument during the Early Romantic period. The piano underwent many changes and composers brought the piano to new heights of creative expression. Franz Schubert wrote about 600 leaders (German songs). One of his most famous pieces is titled Unfinished, named so because it only has 2 movements. Hector Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony was written for a stage actress he fell in love with. He was known for including the harp and English horn in his symphonies. Another Franz, Franz Liszt was an Early Romantic composer who developed the symphonic poem, which makes use of chromatic devices. These great composers were also colleagues and learned from each other. Liszt's Fantastic Symphony was inspired by one of Berlioz' works. Frederic Chopin is best known for his beautiful character pieces for solo piano. Robert Schumann also wrote character pieces. Some of his works were performed by Clara, his wife, who was also a talented pianist, composer and a central figure in the Vienna music scene. Giuseppe Verdi wrote many operas with patriotic themes. You may have heard of 2 of his most famous works, Otello and Falstaff. Ludwig van Beethoven briefly studied under Haydn and was also influenced by the works of Mozart. He played a large role in shifting music from the Classical to the Romantic period. Composing choral, chamber music, and opera, Beethoven used dissonance in his music which intrigued his listeners. He began to lose his hearing at age 28, losing it completely by age 50, a tragedy for a musician. One of his most popular works is the Ninth Symphony. He influenced a new crop of young composers guided by the ideals of Romanticism. During the 19th-century, Germany was a center of musical activity. By 1850s, however, music themes shifted to focus more on folklore and folk music. This nationalist theme can be felt in the music of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Scandinavian countries. The "Mighty Handful", also known as "The Mighty Five," is a term used to distinguish the five great Russian nationalist composers of the 19th-century. They include Balakirev, Borodin, Cui, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov. Verismo is a style of Italian opera wherein the story reflects daily life. There is an emphasis on intense, sometimes violent, actions and emotions. This style is particularly evident in the works of Giacomo Puccini. Symbolism is a concept introduced by Sigmund Freud that influenced various art mediums. This concept revolves around the attempt to convey a composer's personal struggles in a symbolic manner. In music, this can be felt in the works of Gustav Mahler Johannes Brahms was influenced by the works of Beethoven. He wrote what is called "abstract music." Brahms wrote character pieces for the piano, leaders, quartets, sonatas, and symphonies. He was a friend of Robert and Clara Schumann. Antonin Dvorak is known for many symphonies, one of which is his Symphony No. 9, from The New World. This piece was influenced by his stay in America during the 1890s. A Norwegian composer, Edvard Grieg drew upon the national folklore of his beloved country as the basis for his music. Richard Strauss was influenced by the works of Wagner. He wrote symphonic poems and operas and is known for the lavish, sometimes shocking, scenes in his operas. Known for his expressive style in music, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky wrote concertos, symphonic poems, and symphonies during this time. Richard Wagner was influenced by the works of Beethoven and Liszt. Composing operas at age 20, he coined the term "music dramas." Wagner took the opera to a different level by making use of larger orchestras and applying musical themes to his work. He called these musical themes leitmotiv or leading motive. One of his famous work is The Ring of the Nibelung. Romantic music is a stylistic movement in Western Classical music associated with the period of the 19th century commonly referred to as the Romantic era (or Romantic period). It is closely related to the broader concept of Romanticism—the intellectual, artistic and literary movement that became prominent in Europe from approximately 1798 until 1837. [1] Romantic composers sought to create music that was individualistic, emotional, dramatic and often programmatic; reflecting broader trends within the movements of Romantic literature, poetry, art, and philosophy. Romantic music was often ostensibly inspired by (or else sought to evoke) non-musical stimuli, such as nature, literature, poetry, super-natural elements or the fine arts. It included features such as increased chromaticism and moved away from traditional forms.[2]
The Romantic movement was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe and strengthened in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.[3] In part, it was a revolt against social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature (Casey 2008). It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, literature,[4] and education,[5] and was in turn influenced by developments in natural history.[6] One of the first significant applications of the term to music was in 1789, in the Mémoires by the Frenchman André Grétry, but it was E. T. A. Hoffmann who really established the principles of musical romanticism, in a lengthy review of Ludwig van Beethoven's Fifth Symphony published in 1810, and in an 1813 article on Beethoven's instrumental music. In the first of these essays Hoffmann traced the beginnings of musical Romanticism to the later works of Haydn and Mozart. It was Hoffmann's fusion of ideas already associated with the term "Romantic", used in opposition to the restraint and formality of Classical models, that elevated music, and especially instrumental music, to a position of pre-eminence in Romanticism as the art most suited to the expression of emotions. It was also through the writings of Hoffmann and other German authors that German music was brought to the center of musical Romanticism.[7] Ludwig van Beethoven is considered one of the transitioning composers bridging the Classical era and the Romantic era.[8] Other influential composers of the early Romantic era include Hector Berlioz, Frédéric Chopin, Fanny Mendelssohn, Felix Mendelssohn, Gioachino Rossini, Vincenzo Bellini, Gaetano Donizetti, Niccolò Paganini, Franz Schubert, Clara Schumann, Robert Schumann, and Carl Maria von Weber. Later nineteenth-century composers would appear to build upon certain early Romantic ideas and musical techniques, such as the use of extended chromatic harmony and expanded orchestration. Such later Romantic composers include Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Modest Mussorgsky, Antonín Dvořák, Alexander Borodin, Franz Liszt, Richard Wagner, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Giuseppe Verdi, Giacomo Puccini, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Glazunov, Edward Elgar, Edvard Grieg, Gabriel Fauré, and Sergei Rachmaninoff. The classical period often used short, even fragmentary, thematic material while the Romantic period tended to make greater use of longer, more fully defined and more satisfying themes.[citation needed] Characteristics often attributed to Romanticism:
In music there is a relatively clear dividing line in musical structure and form following the death of Beethoven. Whether one counts Beethoven as a "romantic" composer or not, the breadth and power of his work gave rise to a feeling that the classical sonata form and, indeed, the structure of the symphony, sonata and string quartet had been exhausted.[13] Events and changes in society such as ideas, attitudes, discoveries, inventions, and historical events often affect music. For example, the Industrial Revolution was in full effect by the late 18th century and early 19th century. This event had a profound effect on music: there were major improvements in the mechanical valves and keys that most woodwinds and brass instruments depend on. The new and innovative instruments could be played with greater ease and they were more reliable.[14] Another development that had an effect on music was the rise of the middle class. Composers before this period lived on the patronage of the aristocracy. Many times their audience was small, composed mostly of the upper class and individuals who were knowledgeable about music.[14] The Romantic composers, on the other hand, often wrote for public concerts and festivals, with large audiences of paying customers, who had not necessarily had any music lessons.[14] Composers of the Romantic Era, like Elgar, showed the world that there should be "no segregation of musical tastes"[15] and that the "purpose was to write music that was to be heard".[16] NationalismDuring the Romantic period, music often took on a much more nationalistic purpose. Composers composed with a distinct sound that represented their home country and traditions. For example, Jean Sibelius' Finlandia has been interpreted to represent the rising nation of Finland, which would someday gain independence from Russian control.[17] Frédéric Chopin was one of the first composers to incorporate nationalistic elements into his compositions. Joseph Machlis states, "Poland's struggle for freedom from tsarist rule aroused the national poet in Poland. … Examples of musical nationalism abound in the output of the romantic era. The folk idiom is prominent in the Mazurkas of Chopin".[18] His mazurkas and polonaises are particularly notable for their use of nationalistic rhythms. Moreover, "During World War II the Nazis forbade the playing of … Chopin's Polonaises in Warsaw because of the powerful symbolism residing in these works".[18] Other composers, such as Bedřich Smetana, wrote pieces that musically described their homelands. In particular, Smetana's Vltava is a symphonic poem about the Moldau River in the modern-day Czech Republic and the second in a cycle of six nationalistic symphonic poems collectively titled Má vlast (My Homeland).[19] Smetana also composed eight nationalist operas, all of which remain in the repertory. They established him as the first Czech nationalist composer as well as the most important Czech opera composer of the generation who came to prominence in the 1860s.[20]
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A melding of the different arts in the romantic era made _____ something that intrigued composers.
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