What happens to a life insurance policy when the policy loan balance exceeds the cash value

• A policy loan allows you to borrow money using your life insurance policy’s cash value as collateral.
• You can use this money for anything. There aren’t any restrictions.
• There isn’t a set repayment schedule, and you aren’t required to pay back this loan before you die.
• Any balance left when you pass away is subtracted from your policy’s death benefit before your beneficiaries receive it.

Like other loans, you need to pay back a policy loan with interest. If you don't repay the amount you owe before passing away, the insurance company will deduct any remaining balance and interest from the death benefit your beneficiaries receive.

With a permanent life insurance policy, you earn cash value over time. Cash value is the portion of your premium that the insurance company invests over time. You can typically access this cash value through policy loans and withdrawals.

Life insurance companies can set limits on policy loans. Some may require you to have a certain amount of cash value built up before you can borrow. Always check the terms of your insurance contract.

Since your cash value is used as collateral, the interest rate on a policy loan may be lower than what you'd find with a personal loan or credit card. Some states limit how much the insurer can charge in interest. For instance, Washington state has an 8% annual limit; in Florida, the annual rate can be no higher than 10%.

Policy loans don't always have a lower annual interest rate. Always check the rates and compare them to other types of loans before taking out a policy loan.

If you decide to take out a policy loan, the insurance company will give you the cash you need. In exchange, you'll agree to repay the loan plus interest.

Unlike traditional loans, you won’t have a set repayment schedule with a policy loan. You can choose to repay the loan as quickly or slowly as you like. Remember that the longer it takes to repay the loan, the more interest you'll owe.

Let's say you have a life insurance policy with a $200,000 death benefit and a $35,000 current cash value. You take out a policy loan of $21,000 at 7.5% interest to help pay for your child’s college education.

However, you unexpectedly pass away three years later, before making any loan payments. Since interest accrues on policy loans, the outstanding loan balance would have grown to $26,088 since it originated. That's the original $21,000 plus $5,088 in interest.

The insurance company would deduct that amount from your beneficiaries’ $200,000 death benefit. So instead of getting $200,000, they would only get $173,912.

Pros

• No credit checks

• Repay on your schedule

• Spend the money however you’d like
  

Cons

• Could cause your policy to lapse

• Can have severe tax implications
  

• May reduce your death benefit

• No credit check: Since the insurance company uses your cash value as collateral, a policy loan doesn't require a credit check. That could be beneficial if you have bad credit or are worried about the impact of a hard inquiry on your credit score.
• Repay on your schedule: Most policy loans don't have a set repayment schedule where you must pay equal monthly installments. Instead, you can repay the loan in a way that works for you. You can also choose not to pay it off and just let it get taken out of your death benefit when you pass away. This flexibility can help if you have a tight budget.
• Spend the money however you’d like: Policy loans don’t restrict how you can spend the money you borrow. You can use it for anything, whether it's to cover an emergency expense or pay for a large purchase.

• Could cause your policy to lapse: If you don’t repay a policy loan, it continues to accrue interest. Over time, the balance increases and can get much higher than you thought. Your policy could lapse if you don't have enough cash value to cover the loan balance and interest. That would leave you without life insurance coverage.
• Can have severe tax implications: If your policy lapses or you surrender or cancel it before paying back your loan, the IRS might consider the money you borrowed to be income if it is more than you paid in premiums. This can leave you with an unexpected tax bill.
• May reduce your death benefit: Any outstanding balance is taken from your death benefit when you pass away. A reduced benefit means your beneficiaries won’t get all the money you’d planned to give them.

Yes. You’re allowed to borrow money from your permanent life insurance policy, using the cash value as collateral. Policy loans can carry more favorable terms than personal loans or credit cards. Different insurance policies carry different time and amount limits then policy loans, however.

No. Because you are using the cash value of the life insurance policy as collateral, taking out a policy loan does not require a credit check.

Thanks for your feedback!

August 1 2018

Situation: Various life insurance strategies involve borrowing against the cash value of a policy. These policy loans can provide a fast and easy source of cash for clients and often, their terms are more favorable than those of a conventional loan. They do not have the same stringent credit and underwriting approval requirements, and they typically boast lower interest rates. Additionally, there are no fixed repayment schedules as the loan interest can be paid or accrued and can remain outstanding until the insured’s death.

Life insurance companies can provide favorable terms on a policy loan because the carrier controls the cash value that serves as collateral for the loan, and it will not allow a policy loan to exceed the cash value of the policy. Consequently, the carrier knows the funds will be available. If the outstanding loan balance draws too close to the remaining policy cash, value the carrier simply forecloses on the policy. The benefit is the policy owner is never responsible for a loan amount greater than the policy cash value.

Policy loans also typically receive favorable tax treatment. Specifically, policy loans will not typically trigger current income tax for as long as the policy remains in force, even if the total loan amount exceeds the policy owner’s investment in the contract (basis)1. Unfortunately, the disadvantage is that the lapse, cancellation or surrender of a policy with an outstanding loan can generate taxable income. Specifically, taxable income will be realized at surrender or lapse of a policy with a loan if the loan amount, including capitalized interest, exceeds the owner’s basis in the policy. Furthermore, there will not be any remaining cash value at the foreclosure of the policy to pay the tax bill.

Ultimately, the only way a policy with a loan can be received income tax-free is if the policy stays in force until the insured’s death. Satisfying the loan from the policy death benefit should not result in taxable income. The reality is that the only way to use a life insurance policy’s cash value to repay a loan tax-free is by the death benefit, which leads to several rescue strategies designed to help ensure that the policy stays in force until the death of the insured. Of course, ideally the preferred strategy is to monitor/manage the policy throughout its life to avoid reaching a situation where the policy would need to be rescued. But sometimes a substantial loan does accrue, and it is necessary to take steps to rescue the policy. Fortunately, it is often possible to sustain the policy with some combination of rescue strategy. This Counselor’s Corner will review some of the techniques used to rescue a policy with a loan.

Solution: In some cases, it makes sense to rescue a policy that is in distress due to a substantial loan either to avoid the adverse tax consequences or simply retain the death benefit. Before exploring the strategies for rescuing a policy, it is critical to understand where the endangered policy stands today.

Information to Gather: The best place to start is with a thorough policy review. Following is some of the key information that must be gathered:

• Purpose of the policy: Determine why the policy was purchased and whether that reason is still relevant. Establish the reason/need for the life insurance today.
• Purpose of the loan: What was the context of the loan? Was it for a temporary need that has ended and can it now be repaid?
• Type of policy: Determine the type of policy (variable, universal, whole life, combination, etc.), the actual death benefit amount, and the riders or options it provides. If it has an “overloan” feature, assess requirements that need to be satisfied to trigger that feature. Many older policies do not have this feature.
• Verify cash value and loan amount: Check the actual policy cash value and the amount of policy gain (cost basis of the policy). Determine the amount of the loan, type of loan (fixed, variable, etc.), the loan interest rate and what would be needed to retire the loan.
• Check the insured’s underwriting qualifications: Check health, avocation, and smoker status of the existing policy as well as the insured’s current status. Of course, changes in health in either direction can have a significant impact on option availability.
• Verify the policy owner and beneficiary structure: Determine if the insured or a third party is the owner. If a third party is involved, making premium payments can have gift implications.
• Determine premium commitment and the amount required to keep the policy inforce: Determine how much is currently being paid into the policy and how much the owner is willing to commit. Assess whether there are any limits to how much can be committed, such as MEC or gifting limits.
• Acquire an inforce ledger: An inforce ledger (a projection from the carrier of how it is expected to perform) can help to clarify how serious the loan situation is. This will help guide cost and consequences of the rescue options.

Once the background information has been gathered, it will be possible to evaluate possible loan rescue strategies.

Add Cash to the Policy: The first approach is simply to put more money into the policy. Even if the loan is not completely eliminated, reducing the loan balance will increase the likelihood that the policy will last until it has matured as a death benefit. This approach is especially appealing if the policy owner has a substantial amount invested in low yielding assets in comparison to the loan interest rate.

If there is not enough money to repay or reduce the loan, another option is to begin paying the interest on the loan in addition to the premium payment. To the extent the policy cash value continues to grow while the loan interest rate is being paid, it is more likely the policy will sustain itself. In a universal life policy where there is no direct requirement for premium payment (since the crediting rate on the policy is typically lower than the interest rate on the policy loan), extra dollars should usually be used to pay down the loan first.

Where a third-party is the policy owner, this strategy must consider gift tax consequences. Of course, this option assumes the policy owner is able and willing to make the necessary payments, which is not always the case.

Restructuring the Policy: To save a policy with a loan, another option is to restructure the policy. The form of restructuring option depends on the type of policy and riders.

First, check to see if the policy has an overloan lapse protection rider. This rider essentially converts the policy to a paid-up policy where loan balances exceed a certain threshold to avoid lapse. This rider is more common with universal life policies than it is on whole life contracts. And as indicated above, is not typically seen on many older policies. The exact parameters of how and when the rider can be used vary by carrier. Most of these riders require a proactive election to receive the benefit. Typically, there is a charge at the time of election. While the objective of the election is to avoid adverse tax consequences that often result from a policy lapsing, neither the IRS nor the courts have ruled on the tax consequences of exercising the rider. Regardless, the rider does add a certain layer of protection.

For participating (pays a dividend) whole life policies, there are several options for how dividends can be used. A common dividend option purchases paid-up additions (PUA), which means dividends are being used to purchase small amounts of additional paid-up insurance coverage. This is not a preferred dividend option when there is a loan. Fortunately, dividend options can be changed by simply making a request to the carrier. For policies with loans,

usually, the best dividend option is to direct the dividends to pay the loan interest and if the dividend is larger than the interest, to pay down the loan.

With a participating whole life policy, it is also possible to do a partial surrender of just the PUAs. Since this part of the coverage is already paid up, the cash value tends to be high relative to the death benefit. This means that the policy owner is giving up less death benefit. The partial surrender or withdrawal (where possible) of cash value to pay down a loan is treated as a reduction of basis first, and not taxable until all basis is paid out.

If the policy is a universal life policy, there are a couple of different options to reduce the impact of a loan. One option is to reduce the face amount. A death benefit reduction reduces the ongoing cost of insurance, extending the life of the policy. Another option is to take withdrawal from the policy cash value to pay down the loan. Provided the policy is not a MEC (Modified Endowment Contract) or subject to the 15-year force-out for overfunded policies, withdrawals from a policy are treated as basis first and are not taxable until all basis is paid out.

Using a 1035 Exchange: If the policy owner is not able or willing to put in additional cash and restructuring a policy isn’t enough, another option would be replacing the policy through a 1035 exchange. An exchange may also be used to add the overloan protection benefit. Of course, an important caveat of doing a 1035 tax-free exchange using a policy with a loan is that the new policy must take on an identical loan.

Not all carriers are willing to accept policies with loans and those that do set limits on the loan amounts they will accept, so it is important to understand carrier guidelines. Of course, the exchange must involve the same owner and insured, but the type of policy can be different (i.e., whole life can be exchanged for a universal life policy), and the face amount can differ from the old policy.

A 1035 exchange may not be viable if the insured’s health has deteriorated. However, in some cases a replacement may be attractive where the insured’s health has improved, or the new policy can be acquired with better pricing or desired features (i.e. long-term care rider). Furthermore, it is also possible to get loan provisions at more favorable rates than under old policies.

Surrendering or Selling the Policy in a Life Settlement Transaction: Where the policy cannot be effectively saved, the last option is to just let it go. The simplest way to do this is to contact the insurance carrier and request a surrender of the policy. Taxable gain will still be assessed, but to the extent there is any cash value remaining it can help to cover the tax liability.

Before taking this course of action, it is a good idea to ask the carrier to do a gain calculation, so the policy owner is aware of the tax liability. If the tax liability is significant, this might encourage the owner to reconsider other options. Of course, this strategy is not a good idea if the insured is in poor health and there is a possibility of a death payout in the near future.

Another option for an older or unhealthy insured is a life settlement transaction. A life settlement is the sale of a life policy to a third-party. In an appropriate situation the third-party buyer will pay more than just the remaining cash value. This strategy will be most beneficial for an insured who has a significant health impairment. The transaction is still taxable, but if a greater payment can be received by the policy owner this strategy provides more cash to help pay taxes.

Summary: By taking steps to engage in a life insurance policy loan rescue, financial advisors can potentially ensure that a policy with a significant loan doesn’t turn into a policy lapse and an income tax liability. However, it is important to note that even after performing a policy loan rescue, it is still important to provide ongoing management of the rescued policy.